Introduction
Melastomastrum afzelii (Hook.f.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. var. lecomteanum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Jacq.-Fél., also known as Melastoma lecomteanum or locally referred to as "Abena" in Nigeria, is a plant species commonly found in the tropical regions of West and Central Africa.
Description
This plant is a shrub that can grow up to 4 meters in height. Its leaves are simple, opposing each other and can grow up to 10 centimeters long. They are dark green in color with a glossy appearance on the upper surface and paler underneath. The flowers on this plant are purple-pink in color with five petals that are slightly recurved. They are arranged in cymes up to 10 cm in length and can bloom throughout the year. The fruit of Melastoma lecomteanum is a small, round capsule with a diameter of 4-5 mm containing numerous small seeds.
Uses
The leaves of this plant have been traditionally used in Nigerian herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as fever, stomachache, and diarrhea. The bark and roots of Melastoma lecomteanum have also been used to treat stomach ulcers and as an anti-inflammatory. Additionally, the plant's fruits have been eaten fresh or dried to make tea with high nutritional value. The plant is also grown for ornamental purposes.
Appearance
Melastoma lecomteanum is a shrub that can grow up to 4 meters tall. Its leaves are dark green, glossy and simple, and can reach up to 10 centimeters in length. The flowers are purple-pink in color and arranged in cymes up to 10 cm in length. The fruit is a small capsule containing several small seeds. It is a useful plant for traditional medicine as well as ornamental purposes.
Light Requirements
Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum thrives well in partially shaded or dappled light environments. The plant is adapted to grow under forest canopies with reduced light penetration. Some direct sunlight is necessary, but overexposure to full sun may damage the plant's leaves.
Temperature Requirements
The plant prefers warm to slightly hot temperatures. It can thrive well in temperatures ranging from 22°C to 30°C. At temperatures lower than this, the growth rate is slowed down, leading to stunted growth and potential damage to the plant. However, when exposed to extreme heat conditions, the plant may experience dehydration and wilting of leaves.
Soil Requirements
For optimal growth, Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum requires a well-draining soil that retains moisture while offering adequate aeration. The soil should be slightly acidic with a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. The plant can also grow in soil with higher pH ranges up to 7.5. The soil should be rich in organic matter and fertile enough to provide the necessary nutrients that support plant growth.
Cultivation
Melastomastrum afzelii (Hook.f.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. var. lecomteanum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Jacq.-Fél., commonly known as the Lecomte's Melastome, is an evergreen shrub that is native to West Africa. This shrub thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, and it can be grown both indoors and outdoors.
When planting the Lecomte's Melastome, it is important to choose a location that receives plenty of sunlight. The soil should be well-draining and rich in organic matter. The ideal pH range for this shrub is between 6.0 and 7.0.
Avoid planting the shrub in areas with strong winds or heavy rains since this can lead to damage or loss of leaves.
Watering Needs
The Lecomte's Melastome requires regular watering, especially during the growing season. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. If the soil dries out, the shrub may wilt and drop its leaves. During the winter months, reduce watering to prevent waterlogging.
Avoid overhead watering to prevent the spread of fungal diseases. Instead, use a drip irrigation system or water at the base of the shrub.
Fertilization
The Lecomte's Melastome benefits from regular fertilization to promote healthy growth. Use a balanced fertilizer, with equal parts nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Apply the fertilizer every two to three weeks during the growing season, from spring to fall.
Always follow the fertilizer manufacturer's instructions, and avoid over-fertilizing, which can lead to salt buildup in the soil. Salt buildup can damage roots and hinder growth.
Pruning
The Lecomte's Melastome requires minimal pruning, but it can benefit from occasional pruning to control its size and shape. Prune the shrub in late winter or early spring, before new growth appears.
Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased wood, and cut back any long or unruly branches to promote bushier growth. Avoid pruning more than one-third of the shrub's total growth at once, as this can be stressful to the plant.
Propagation of Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum
Propagation of Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum can be done through several methods:
Seed Propagation
Seeds of Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum are small and can be propagated easily. Collect ripe seeds from the plant and clean them of any debris or pulp. Sow the seeds in well-draining soil and cover with a thin layer of soil. Keep the soil moist and warm for germination to occur. Germination can take up to 2-3 weeks.
Cuttings Propagation
Cuttings can be taken from Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum during the growing season. Take 6-8 inch cuttings with at least two leaf nodes. Remove the bottom leaves and dip the end of the cutting in rooting hormone. Plant the cutting in moist soil and keep in a warm, bright area. Maintain humidity by covering the cutting with a plastic bag or a cloche until rooting occurs, which can take up to four weeks.
Division Propagation
Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum can also be propagated through division of the rootball. Choose a healthy plant and carefully lift it from the ground, taking care not to damage the roots. Use a sharp, sterilized knife to divide the rootball into several sections, ensuring each section has a clump of leaves and roots. Plant each section in well-draining soil and water thoroughly.
Disease and Pest Management for Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum
Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum is a beautiful ornamental shrub that is relatively low maintenance. However, like any plant, it can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases. Here are some common problems and ways to manage them:
Pests
Aphids: These small insects can suck the sap out of the leaves and stems, causing yellowing and curling. They also excrete honeydew, which can lead to sooty mold. To control aphids, try using insecticidal soap or neem oil. You can also introduce natural predators, such as ladybugs or lacewings.
Spider Mites: These tiny arachnids can cause yellowing and stippling on the leaves. They are especially common in dry conditions. To control spider mites, try using a strong stream of water to knock them off the leaves. You can also use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Scale Insects: These pests look like small, raised bumps on the stems and leaves. They can cause yellowing, wilting, and stunted growth. To control scale, try using a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol to remove them. You can also use horticultural oil or insecticidal soap.
Diseases
Powdery Mildew: This fungal disease looks like a white, powdery coating on the leaves. It can cause the leaves to curl, yellow, and drop prematurely. To control powdery mildew, try improving air flow around the plant and avoiding overhead watering. You can also use a fungicide labeled for powdery mildew.
Leaf Spot: This fungal disease causes circular spots on the leaves, which can turn brown and drop from the plant. To control leaf spot, try removing infected leaves and avoiding overhead watering. You can also use a fungicide labeled for leaf spot.
Root Rot: This fungal disease can occur if the soil is too wet and poorly drained. It can cause the roots to turn brown and mushy, and the plant to wilt and die. To control root rot, make sure the soil is well-draining and avoid overwatering. You can also use a fungicide labeled for root rot.
By being vigilant and monitoring your Melastomastrum afzelii var. lecomteanum regularly, you can prevent these pests and diseases from causing significant damage. Proper watering and fertilization can also help keep the plant healthy and resilient.
