Description of Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl.
Melanelia septentrionalis, also known as the Northern Black-Ink Lichen, is a species of lichen that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. It is a type of foliose lichen that grows on rocks and the smooth bark of trees, particularly in the boreal forests of North America and Europe.
General appearance
The thallus of Melanelia septentrionalis is leaf-like, measuring around 5-15 cm in diameter. It has a blackish-green color with a distinctively crinkled surface and a smooth, white undersurface. The lobes of the thallus are wide and flat, with rounded tips. This lichen species can also produce small, black fruiting bodies called apothecia.
Common names
Besides being known as Northern Black-Ink Lichen, Melanelia septentrionalis goes by several other common names, including the Black Elfin Saddle, Black Raven Lichen, and Crow's Nest Lichen.
Uses
Melanelia septentrionalis is known to contain chemicals such as atranorin, chloroatranorin, and divaricatic acid, which are being studied for their potential medicinal applications. Some Native American tribes have traditionally used this lichen to make a black dye for clothes and baskets, as well as a remedy for sore throats and coughs.
Growth Conditions for Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl.
Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl. is a lichen species commonly found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and other boreal regions. It is commonly found growing on trees, particularly conifers like spruce, fir, and pine.
Light Requirements
Melanelia septentrionalis grows best in partially shaded areas. This species has low light requirements and can tolerate partial shade, but it should not be exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods.
Temperature Requirements
Melanelia septentrionalis grows best in low to moderate temperatures. It can tolerate harsh, cold environments and is commonly found in areas with temperatures ranging from -20°C to 20°C. This species is well-adapted to withstand freezing temperatures and has a higher photosynthesis rate at lower temperatures.
Soil Requirements
Melanelia septentrionalis does not have any specific soil requirements. This lichen species is commonly found growing on the bark of trees, particularly conifers like spruce, fir, and pine. It may grow on other substrates such as rocks, but tree bark is the most common substrate for Melanelia septentrionalis.
Overall, Melanelia septentrionalis is a lichen species that can adapt to a wide range of growth conditions. It has low light requirements and can tolerate partial shade, but it should not be exposed to direct sunlight. This lichen can tolerate harsh, cold environments and can grow on a variety of substrates, but it is commonly found growing on the bark of trees, particularly conifers.
Cultivation Methods
Melanelia septentrionalis is a lichen that grows on a substrate of bark, rock, or soil. It can be cultivated by attaching it to a suitable substrate, such as a piece of bark or rock, and providing ideal growth conditions. The lichen prefers cool, moist environments and grows best at temperatures of 10-20°C. It also thrives in areas with high humidity and mild to moderate sunlight levels. Good air circulation is essential, as stagnant air can result in fungal diseases. Melanelia septentrionalis is slow-growing and may take several years to establish on a substrate. It is important to keep the substrate moist, but not waterlogged, during the establishment period. Once established, the lichen can tolerate periods of drought.
Watering Needs
Melanelia septentrionalis requires regular watering to maintain its growth and health. It is essential to keep the substrate moist, but not waterlogged, during the establishment period. Once established, the lichen can tolerate periods of drought, but consistent moisture is required for optimal growth. The lichen can be watered by misting the substrate with a spray bottle or by placing it in a shallow dish of water for a short period. It is important to avoid spraying the lichen directly as the force of the water can damage the fragile thallus. During periods of high humidity, it may not be necessary to water the substrate, as the lichen can absorb moisture directly from the air.
Fertilization
Melanelia septentrionalis does not require fertilization as it derives all its nutrients from the surrounding environment. However, it is recommended to provide the lichen with a substrate that contains sufficient nutrients to support its growth. The substrate should have a slightly acidic pH between 5.0 and 6.5. Soil and peat-based substrates are ideal for cultivating lichens. Organic matter such as leaf litter or moss can also be added to the substrate to improve its quality. Using fertilizer on the substrate can cause imbalances in the nutrient levels and harm the lichen. Therefore, it is best to avoid using fertilizer on Melanelia septentrionalis.
Pruning
Melanelia septentrionalis does not require pruning as it has no leaves, stems, or roots. The lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga, and it grows by absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment. However, cleaning the lichen occasionally with a soft brush or by gently blowing air over it can help to remove any debris or dust that may accumulate on the thallus. It is important not to use water or strong airflow as it can damage the fragile thallus. Additionally, regular monitoring of the substrate can help to identify any signs of fungal disease or insect infestation, which can be treated with appropriate measures.
Propagation of Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl.
Melanelia septentrionalis is a lichen species found in Arctic and alpine regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Propagation of Melanelia septentrionalis can be achieved through vegetative means using the following methods:
Division
Melanelia septentrionalis is capable of division, a vegetative propagation method where the lichen is manually divided into two or more sections and the sections are then allowed to grow individually. This can be done by carefully separating the individual lichen segments and transplanting them to new substrates that provide suitable conditions for growth.
Fragmentation
Fragmentation is another vegetative propagation method that can be used to propagate Melanelia septentrionalis. It involves breaking off small portions of the lichen and placing them on moist soil or rocks until they establish a new colony.
Regeneration
Melanelia septentrionalis can also be propagated through regeneration, which involves breaking off a portion of the lichen and allowing it to regenerate into a complete lichen. This method is ideal for lichens that have been damaged or broken apart, as regeneration can often restore them to their original state.
While propagation of Melanelia septentrionalis can be achieved through these vegetative means, it is important to note that the success rate for each method varies depending on the conditions used. The best advice is to experiment with different methods and substrates to find what works best for propagating this lichen species.
Disease and Pest Management for Melanelia Septentrionalis
Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl., also known as the northern black lichen, is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can cause significant damage to the plant. Here are some common diseases and pests that affect the plant and ways to manage them.
Diseases
1. Fungal infections: Fungal infections such as Anthracnose, leaf spot, and rust can cause severe damage to the plant by affecting its leaves, stems, and trunk. These infections can be controlled by using fungicides like chlorothalonil, mancozeb, etc. However, the best way to prevent these infections is to maintain proper hygiene around the plant, remove the infected parts, and provide adequate nutrients and water to the plant.
2. Bacterial infections: Bacterial infections can cause discoloration and decaying of the plant. These infections can be controlled by pruning the affected parts and applying copper-based fungicides or bactericides.
Pests
1. Scale insects: Scale insects can infest the plant and cause damage by sucking the sap out of its leaves and stems. These insects can be controlled by using Horticultural oil or insecticidal soap by spraying it on the affected parts of the plant.
2. Spider mites: Spider mites can cause discoloration, wilting, and dropping of leaves, affecting the overall growth of the plant. These pests can be controlled by using insecticidal soap or neem oil spray.
3. Mealybugs: Mealybugs can also infest the plant and cause damage by sucking sap from the leaves. These pests can be controlled by using insecticidal soap or neem oil spray.
4. Snails and slugs: These pests can eat the leaves of the plant, leaving behind holes, and can also leave a slimy trail that can attract other pests or insects. These pests can be controlled by using Sluggo or other snail and slug baits that are safe for use around plants.
Conclusion: Maintaining proper hygiene and providing adequate nutrients and water to the plant are the most effective ways to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests. However, if these problems persist, using appropriate pesticides or contacting a professional pest control expert can help in controlling these issues and ensuring the healthy growth of the plant.
