General Appearance
Melanelia albertana (Ahti) Essl. is a lichenized fungi that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. It forms yellow to olive-green crusts on rocks, trees, and soil in alpine and subalpine zones. The lichen thallus is thin and has a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface. It has a very distinct appearance, which makes it identifiable on sight.
Common Names
Melanelia albertana is commonly known as Alberta black shield lichen or blackscale lichen. The name "blackscale" comes from its black, scaly growths that cover the upper surface of the lichen thallus. Meanwhile, the name "shield lichen" comes from the central part becoming slightly raised and shield-like as it ages.
Origin
Melanelia albertana is widely distributed in the North American continent, specifically in western Canada and northwest United States. It is commonly found in alpine and subalpine habitats, growing on rocks, soil, and trees in coniferous forests. However, certain factors such as climate change, air pollution, and deforestation have reduced its population, making it a vulnerable and protected species in some states.
Uses
Melanelia albertana is currently not used for any commercial or medicinal purposes. However, it plays a significant ecological role in its habitat as it serves as a food source and shelter for various animals such as caribou, moose, and mountain goats. Additionally, lichens including Melanelia albertana serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health and play crucial roles in nutrient cycling.
Light Requirements
Melanelia albertana is a lichen species that typically grows in shaded areas. It prefers areas that receive an average of 1000-2000 lux of light. Direct sunlight can be harmful to this species, so it is commonly found on the north side of trees or other shaded locations.
Temperature Requirements
Melanelia albertana can thrive in a range of temperatures, but it prefers cool to cold temperatures. It can grow in areas where the temperature ranges from 0 to 25°C. However, the optimal temperature for growth is somewhere between 10 to 20°C.
Soil Requirements
As a lichen species, Melanelia albertana does not have conventional soil requirements. Instead, it requires certain substrates to grow. This species is typically found growing on the bark of trees, particularly coniferous trees such as spruce and pine. It can also grow on rocks or other natural surfaces that provide a suitable substrate for attachment.
Cultivation
Melanelia albertana is a lichen species that is most commonly found in alpine and subalpine habitats, growing on rocks and tree bark. It is not typically cultivated in a traditional sense, but can be transplanted from the wild onto suitable substrates.
Watering Needs
Since Melanelia albertana is a lichen, it obtains its moisture and nutrients from the air. As such, it does not have specific watering needs and should not be watered directly. Instead, it requires a humid environment.
Fertilization
Melanelia albertana does not require any fertilization as it obtains its nutrients from the surrounding environment.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Melanelia albertana as it is a slow-growing lichen. However, it is advised to remove any debris or dead parts that may accumulate around it to prevent the growth of unwanted fungal species that may compete for resources with the lichen.
Propagation of Melanelia albertana
Propagation of Melanelia albertana is usually done through vegetative means such as:
Division
Division involves the separation of the lichen into smaller segments containing both the fungal and algal partners. These segments can then be planted onto the new substrate. Typically, this method is best done during the early stages of the lichen's growth when it is still small.
Soredia and isidia
Melanelia albertana can also be propagated through the use of soredia and isidia. Soredia are small, dust-like particles that contain both the fungal and algal components necessary for reproduction. These soredia are produced on the surface of the thallus and can be dispersed by wind or water. They can then settle on a new substrate and develop into new lichens.
Isidia, on the other hand, are small projections that grow on the surface of the thallus. These projections contain both the fungal and algal components necessary for reproduction, and can detach from the thallus and disperse to new locations. Once they reach a new substrate, they can develop into a new lichen.
Cuttings
Propagation of Melanelia albertana is also possible through the use of cuttings. These cuttings are typically taken from the thallus and are planted onto a new substrate. The substrate needs to be moist and have the right environmental conditions that mimic the natural habitat where the lichen is normally found.
Propagation of Melanelia albertana can be a slow and tedious process but it is important for the conservation of the species. Careful monitoring of the growth and health of the newly propagated lichens is essential for their long-term survival.
Disease and Pest Management for Melanelia albertana
Melanelia albertana is generally a healthy plant that does not experience many disease and pest problems. However, certain conditions or environmental stressors may weaken the plant or make it susceptible to diseases and pests. Here are some common diseases and pests that may affect Melanelia albertana and ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Lichen spot disease: This fungal disease appears as black or brown spots on the surface of the plant's thallus. It may cause a decline in the plant's health and growth. Ensure that Melanelia albertana is planted in well-draining soil and receive sufficient water to avoid excess moisture that can promote fungal growth. Prune diseased plant parts and dispose of them properly to prevent the spread of infection to healthy parts of the plant. Additionally, use a fungicide to control the spread of the disease.
2. Bacterial leaf spot: Bacterial leaf spot is characterized by small, brown spots on the leaves of the plant. It is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. This disease can be prevented by avoiding overhead watering and providing adequate spacing between Melanelia albertana plants to promote air circulation that discourages bacterial growth. Remove and destroy all infected plant parts and use a copper-based bactericide to prevent the spread of bacterial leaf spot.
Pests
1. Spider mites: Spider mites are small, reddish-brown pests that suck sap from the leaves of Melanelia albertana, causing them to discolor and eventually fall off. The best way to prevent spider mites is to maintain a healthy plant by providing adequate water and fertilization. Additionally, avoid overcrowding of plants and regularly inspect Melanelia albertana for signs of spider mites. Use an insecticidal soap or Neem oil to control spider mites.
2. Mealybugs: Mealybugs appear as tiny, white insects that secrete a white, waxy substance that covers the leaves of the plant. These pests feed on the sap of Melanelia albertana, causing yellowing and distortion of the leaves. Mealybugs can be easily removed by wiping them off the plant with a damp cloth or cotton swab. Use a neonicotinoid insecticide to control severe infestations.
By following these tips, Melanelia albertana can remain healthy and robust, minimizing the occurrence of any diseases or pests.
