Origin and Common Names
Maytenus senegalensis auct., also known as African mayten, is a small tree or shrub that belongs to the plant family Celastraceae. It is native to the dry savannas and woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa, stretching from Senegal to Tanzania and southward to Zimbabwe.
The plant is known by various common names depending on the region where it grows. It is referred to as gesho in Ethiopia, mkilifi in Kenya, mukundamali in Uganda, umkanyakude in Zulu, and kahwa in Nigeria.
General Appearance
African mayten is a tough and sturdy plant that can reach a height of up to 10 meters. It has a typically gnarled and twisted trunk, with reddish-brown bark that peels off in flakes. The leaves are oval-shaped and glossy, measuring about 2-7 cm in length and 1-3 cm in width. The plant produces small white or greenish-yellow flowers that are clustered at the ends of the branches, followed by tiny fruits that turn red when they ripen.
The plant has various growth habits, from a straggling shrub on poor soil to a well-formed tree. In drought-prone areas, it is often stunted, drought-deciduous, and spiny. On the other hand, in moister habitats, it can be a thick, dense, and bushy tree, with a deep root system.
Uses
African mayten has various uses, especially in traditional medicine. The bark and roots are known to contain various bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, and analgesic properties. The decoction of the roots and bark are used to treat various ailments, including malaria, diarrhea, fever, respiratory infections, and pain relief.
The plant also has cultural and economic significance. In Ethiopia, the leaves and twigs are used to make a bitter, fermented beverage known as tej, which is popular in traditional ceremonies. The bark and roots are also used to make musical instruments, baskets, and other household items. In addition, the plant provides a source of fodder for domestic animals, as well as erosion control and soil stabilization.
Light Requirements
Maytenus senegalensis is a plant that prefers full sunlight to partial shade. It is adapted to grow well in areas with bright light, receiving up to 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day. However, it can also grow in shaded areas, as long as it receives a minimum of 3-4 hours of direct sunlight per day.
Temperature Requirements
The plant Maytenus senegalensis thrives in warm to hot temperatures. It grows well within a temperature range of 20-35°C (68-95°F). However, it can tolerate temperatures as low as 10°C (50°F) and as high as 40°C (104°F). The plant is well adapted to areas with a tropical or subtropical climate, where temperatures remain relatively warm year-round.
Soil Requirements
The plant Maytenus senegalensis grows well in a wide range of soils, including sandy, loamy, and clayey soils. However, it prefers well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. The plant can tolerate soils with a pH range of 5-8, but it grows best in slightly acidic soils with a pH between 6.0-6.5. This plant can also tolerate drought conditions, making it an excellent choice for areas with infrequent rains.
Cultivation Methods
Maytenus senegalensis auct. can be propagated from seeds or stem cuttings. The plant prefers a well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. It thrives in full sun but can tolerate some shade.
Watering Needs
Maytenus senegalensis auct. prefers moderate watering, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between watering. Be sure not to water excessively, as this can lead to root rot.
Fertilization
Maytenus senegalensis auct. can benefit from regular fertilization during the growing season. Use a balanced fertilizer with equal parts nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Pruning
Maytenus senegalensis auct. does not necessarily require annual pruning, but removing dead or diseased branches can help improve the plant's overall health and appearance. Prune in late winter or early spring before new growth begins.
Propagation of Maytenus senegalensis
Maytenus senegalensis, also known as Excoecaria senegalensis, is a small tree or shrub that is native to tropical and subtropical regions in Africa. It is commonly propagated through seeds, cuttings, and grafting.
Propagation by seeds
Propagation by seeds is the easiest and most common method of propagating Maytenus senegalensis. The seeds are collected from mature fruits and are sown in a well-draining soil mixture. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged, and the seeds should be exposed to indirect sunlight. Germination usually takes between 1-3 months.
Propagation by cuttings
Propagation by cuttings is also possible, although it is a bit more challenging. Cuttings are taken from new growth in the spring or early summer. The cuttings should be 6-8 inches long and taken from the top of the plant. The leaves on the lower half of the cutting are removed, and the remaining leaves are cut in half to reduce transpiration. The cuttings are then planted in a well-draining soil mixture and covered with a plastic bag to create a humid environment. Keep the soil moist and provide indirect sunlight. Rooting usually takes between 4-8 weeks.
Propagation by grafting
Grafting is the most difficult method of propagating Maytenus senegalensis, but it can produce the best results. The most commonly used technique is cleft grafting. This involves cutting a branch from a mature plant and slicing it down the middle with a grafting knife. A small branch from a young, healthy plant is then inserted into the sliced branch and secured with tape. The graft is then covered with grafting wax to prevent water loss. The grafted plant is then planted in a well-draining soil mixture and cared for as usual.
Disease and Pest Management for Maytenus senegalensis auct.
Maytenus senegalensis auct., also known as African maytenus or greenhorn, is a hardy plant species that is generally resistant to pests and diseases. However, these plants may occasionally get affected by some common pests and diseases.
Diseases
One of the common diseases that affect Maytenus senegalensis is powdery mildew. This is a fungal disease that appears as a white powdery substance on the leaves and stems of the plant. To manage powdery mildew, remove and dispose of the affected leaves, promote good air circulation around the plant, and avoid overhead watering. Additionally, some fungicides can effectively manage powdery mildew.
Another common disease that affects Maytenus senegalensis is leaf spot. This is a fungal disease that appears as circular or irregularly shaped brown or black spots on the leaves. To manage leaf spot, remove and dispose of the affected leaves, promote good air circulation, and avoid overcrowding of the plants. Fungicides that are formulated to manage leaf spot can also be applied.
Pests
One of the common pests that affect Maytenus senegalensis is the mealybug. These insects are white, fluffy, and tend to feed on the sap of the plant. To manage mealybugs, remove and dispose of the affected leaves, prune affected branches, and use insecticides that are formulated to control mealybugs.
Leafhoppers are another common pest that affects Maytenus senegalensis. These insects are small, wedge-shaped, and tend to feed on the sap of the plant, causing yellowing or browning of the leaves. To manage them, remove and dispose of the affected leaves, promote good air circulation around the plant, and use insecticides that are formulated to control leafhoppers.
It is essential to monitor Maytenus senegalensis regularly for pest and disease infestations. Early detection and management go a long way in keeping the plant healthy and productive.
