Origin
Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N.Robson subsp. heterophylla, also known as the Common Spike Thorn, is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. This plant is native to southern Africa, specifically in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
Common Names
Aside from the Common Spike Thorn, this plant also goes by other common names such as Kei-apple, Shammy-berry, Mukwevho, and Mokgalo.
Uses
The Maytenus heterophylla plant has several uses in traditional medicine. Its bark and roots are known to contain various medicinally active compounds, which are used to treat a variety of ailments such as epilepsy, fever, stomach problems, and venereal diseases. Additionally, the plant's bark and leaves are also used to make a tea that is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory effects.
Aside from its medicinal uses, the Maytenus heterophylla plant also has practical applications. Its strong and thorny branches are commonly used to make natural fences, while its hard wood is used for carving and building.
General Appearance
The Maytenus heterophylla plant is a small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to 6 meters tall. Its branches are thin and spiny, with small, green leaves that are oval or oblong in shape. The plant produces clusters of tiny, white flowers which in turn produce small, round fruits that are green when unripe and turn yellow when mature. The fruits can be eaten raw or used to make jelly, while the plant's leaves and bark are used for medicinal purposes.
Growth conditions for Maytenus heterophylla subsp. heterophylla
Maytenus heterophylla subsp. heterophylla is a plant species that requires specific growth conditions to thrive. This plant is commonly referred to as the festive-tree, and it is a member of the Celastraceae family. The following are the typical growth conditions required for this plant:
Light requirements
Maytenus heterophylla subsp. heterophylla requires moderate to high levels of light to grow successfully. The ideal location for planting this species is an area that receives full sunlight exposure. However, it can tolerate partial shade under certain conditions. When exposed to low light levels, the plant tends to grow slowly, have pale leaves, and produce fewer flowers and fruits.
Soil requirements
This species requires well-drained, fertile soils to grow successfully. Maytenus heterophylla subsp. heterophylla prefers slightly acidic soils, with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5. It is also important to note that this plant is sensitive to salt, making it essential to avoid using saline soils or irrigation water. Moreover, adding organic matter to the soil can improve its fertility and water-holding capacity, leading to better growth of the plant.
Temperature requirements
Maytenus heterophylla subsp. heterophylla is a plant species that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. However, it prefers temperatures between 20°C to 30°C during the day and 12°C to 18°C at night. Extreme temperatures can cause stunted growth, discoloration, and even death to the plant. This plant is known to have high drought tolerance, meaning it can survive and grow in regions with long dry spells.
Cultivation methods for Maytenus heterophylla
Maytenus heterophylla is a sturdy and drought-resistant shrub that thrives in a wide range of growing conditions. It grows best in well-drained soils and can tolerate both acidic and alkaline pH levels. This plant requires full sun exposure to partial shade, but it can be planted in a sheltered area to protect young seedlings from harsh winds.
Watering needs of Maytenus heterophylla
The watering needs of Maytenus heterophylla vary depending on the growing season and climate conditions. This plant is drought tolerant, but it always requires regular watering during the first few months of growth to establish its roots. Once established, Maytenus heterophylla can go without water for extended periods, but it is best to water it when the soil is dry to the touch.
Fertilization of Maytenus heterophylla
Fertilization is essential for the healthy growth and development of Maytenus heterophylla. You can apply a balanced fertilizer once every six months during the growing season, or use a slow-release fertilizer that lasts up to 12 months. Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions for the amount and frequency of application, or you can consult a professional gardener or horticulturist for specific recommendations.
Pruning Maytenus heterophylla
Maytenus heterophylla requires minimal pruning, and usually, it grows naturally into a compact and rounded shape. However, if you want to shape the plant or control its size, you can prune it in late winter or early spring. Start by removing damaged, diseased, or crossing branches, then cut back the remaining branches by up to one-third of their length. Avoid pruning more than one-third of the plant since this can stunt its growth or cause damage.
Propagation of Maytenus heterophylla
Maytenus heterophylla can be propagated by seeds or hardwood cuttings. The propagation process can be done in spring or fall.
Seed propagation
Seeds from Maytenus heterophylla can be collected from ripe fruit. The seeds need to be extracted from the fruit and cleaned thoroughly. Once the seeds are clean, they can be sown in pots filled with a well-draining potting mix.
The pots should be placed in a warm and well-lit area but not in direct sunlight. The seedlings should start to emerge in a couple of weeks. Once the seedlings have developed a few true leaves and a strong root system, they can be transplanted into individual pots.
Hardwood cutting propagation
The propagation of Maytenus heterophylla by hardwood cuttings is a bit more challenging. The cuttings should be taken from hardwood shoots in late fall or early winter.
The cuttings should be about 6 inches long, with several buds. The leaves from the lower 2 inches of the cutting should be removed, and any remaining leaves should be cut in half to reduce water loss.
The cuttings should be planted in a well-draining potting mix and placed in a warm area. The cuttings should be misted regularly to keep them moist. Once the cuttings have developed roots and are growing, they can be transplanted into individual pots.
Both seed and hardwood cutting propagation methods can be successful for Maytenus heterophylla. The process may require patience and dedication, but the reward of having a beautiful plant is worth the effort.
Disease Management
Maytenus heterophylla is a relatively disease-resistant plant. However, certain diseases may affect it under unfavorable conditions.
Leaf spot is a common fungal disease that affects the leaves of this plant, causing brown or black lesions and yellowing of the foliage. It can be controlled by removing the infected leaves and spraying with a fungicide containing copper or sulfur.
Root rot is another fungal disease that affects the roots of the plant. It can be caused due to over-watering or poor drainage. Once it occurs, it is difficult to control. However, the use of a well-draining soil mix and avoiding over-watering may prevent this disease.
Pest Management
Maytenus heterophylla is also relatively pest-resistant. However, some pests may pose a threat to the plant, especially during the dry season.
The tea mosquito is one such pest that attacks the young leaves and buds of the plant, causing them to curl and distort. The use of insecticides containing neem oil or pyrethrin can control this pest.
Mealybugs are another pest that may infest this plant, especially in dry weather. These small insects feed on the plant's sap, causing stunted growth and yellowing of the foliage. They can be controlled by washing the leaves with a mild soap and water solution or by using insecticides containing neem oil or pyrethrin.
Caterpillars may also attack this plant during the growing season, feeding on the leaves and causing significant damage. They can be controlled by handpicking and destroying them, or the use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) insecticide.
Regular inspection of the plant and early detection of pests and diseases can significantly help in reducing their impact and preserving the health of the Maytenus heterophylla. Good cultural practices such as proper watering, fertilization, and pruning can also help prevent infestations and infections.
