Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague
Markhamia obtusifolia is a medium-sized tree species in the family Bignoniaceae. It is native to the lowlands of tropical Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. This species is commonly known as Mubare or Musaala, among other names.
General appearance
Markhamia obtusifolia grows up to 25 meters tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 60 centimeters. Its canopy is broad and round, providing plenty of shade beneath. The bark of this tree has a smooth texture, with a light grey to brownish color. The leaves are simple and opposite, measuring around 15-30 centimeters in length and 8-16 centimeters in width. They are broadly ovate to elliptic, with a pointed tip and a slightly heart-shaped base. The upper surface of the leaves is glossy green, while the underside is paler in color. This tree produces large, trumpet-shaped flowers that are typically purplish pink or mauve in color. The fruit that develops after flowering is a long, woody capsule around 20-40 centimeters long. The capsule typically splits open along one side to release numerous papery seeds.
Uses
Markhamia obtusifolia has a range of traditional uses across tropical Africa. The bark and leaves of this tree contain a variety of compounds that have been used in traditional medicine to treat ailments such as fever, malaria, and pneumonia. In addition, the wood of this tree is strong and durable and is therefore commonly used in the construction of houses, furniture, and other structures. The tree is also sometimes grown ornamentally for its striking flowers and broad, shady canopy.
Overall, Markhamia obtusifolia is an important and versatile tree species in tropical Africa, with a range of valuable uses in traditional medicine, construction, and landscaping.Growth Conditions for Markhamia obtusifolia
Markhamia obtusifolia is a tropical tree species that requires specific growth conditions. Here are some important factors that influence the growth of this tree:
Light Requirements
Markhamia obtusifolia grows best in full sun to partial shade, meaning it needs at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. If grown in partial shade, this tree can tolerate up to 50% shade. However, too much shade can lead to poor growth and development, as well as susceptibility to diseases.
Temperature Requirements
Markhamia obtusifolia is a warm-weather tree that thrives in temperatures between 20°C to 30°C. It can tolerate minimum temperatures of 10°C but is not adapted to frost or freezing temperatures. The ideal temperature range for this tree is around 25°C to 28°C.
Soil Requirements
Markhamia obtusifolia requires well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. It grows well in soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. This tree can tolerate a wide range of soils, including sandy, clayey, and loamy soils. However, it does not tolerate water-logged soils.
Additionally, Markhamia obtusifolia can benefit from the addition of fertilizers or compost during the growing season to provide the necessary nutrients for healthy growth.
Cultivation of Markhamia Obtusifolia
Markhamia obtusifolia is a tropical tree native to the African continent. It is easy to cultivate, making it a common choice for home gardeners and landscapers. This tree prefers well-drained soils and can grow in areas with low fertility. It can grow to a height of 20 feet or more with a spread of around 15 feet.
Watering Needs
Markhamia obtusifolia requires regular watering, especially during the first few years of growth. The tree should be watered deeply at least once a week during the growing season. However, it is essential to avoid over-watering, which can lead to root rot. To ensure adequate moisture, you can place mulch around the base of the tree to help retain water.
Fertilization
Markhamia obtusifolia requires regular fertilization to thrive. You should fertilize the tree during the growing season, usually from spring through fall. A balanced fertilizer with an N-P-K ratio of 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 is recommended. Ensure that you follow the manufacturer's instructions when applying the fertilizer. Too much fertilizer can lead to excessive growth, making the tree more susceptible to damage from pests and diseases.
Pruning
Markhamia obtusifolia is a moderate grower and requires minimal pruning. However, you can still prune it to shape it or reduce its size. Prune the tree during the winter months while it is dormant. Avoid pruning too much of the tree's canopy, as this can reduce its ability to generate food through photosynthesis. Instead, focus on removing dead, diseased, or damaged branches and any growth that crosses or rubs against each other.
Propagation Methods for Markhamia Obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague
Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague, commonly known as the broad-leaved sausage tree, is a woody plant belonging to the Bignoniaceae family. This African native plant has gained popularity in different regions for its aesthetic appeal and medicinal properties. Propagation of Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague is feasible through various methods, which are:
Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method of propagating Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague. The seeds are collected from mature fruits, which have turned brown. The curing of newly collected seeds of Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague entails soaking them in water for 24 hours and then allowing them to dry for a day. For better germination results, smoke treatment of the seeds is recommended as it stimulates germination. Sowing the seeds should be at a depth of approximately 2cm and watered regularly. Germination occurs between one and two weeks, depending on weather conditions.
Cutting Propagation
Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague cuttings can also be used to propagate the plant. The cuttings must be taken from mature and healthy plants, which are disease-free. The cuttings should be in lengths ranging from 15cm to 30cm and preferably having at least two nodes. The bottom ends of the cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormones to promote root development. Insert the cuttings in a rooting medium, which should be well-drained, and the surface kept moist. Shoots formation from cuttings should occur after six weeks.
Grafting Propagation
Grafting propagation is a technique used to propagate Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague. It involves attaching a healthy shoot or scion to a healthy rootstock. The scion and rootstock should come from plants that have the same growth habits and are healthy with no signs of disease. Make a diagonal cut above the node of the scion and a corresponding diagonal cut on the rootstock. Join the scion to the rootstock and tie with raffia or grafting tape. Keep the grafted plant in a warm and humid environment until there is a successful union between the scion and rootstock.
Disease and Pest Management for Markhamia Obtusifolia
Markhamia Obtusifolia is a tropical tree that is susceptible to various diseases and pests, which can cause significant damage or even death if left unchecked. Here are some of the common diseases and pests that affect M. Obtusifolia and ways to control them.
Diseases
Anthracnose: This is a fungal disease that causes leaf spots, stem cankers, and fruit rot. It thrives in wet conditions, making it prevalent during the rainy season. To manage anthracnose, prune the affected parts, spray fungicides, and ensure the plant has proper drainage.
Powdery Mildew: Powdery mildew is the most prevalent fungal disease that affects Markhamia Obtusifolia. It causes white, powdery spots on leaves and stems, leading to stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. To manage powdery mildew, prune the infected parts of the plant, keep the leaves dry, avoid overhead watering, and apply fungicides.
Pests
Aphids: Aphids are tiny, soft-bodied insects that suck the sap of the plant, leading to stunted growth and wilting. To manage aphids, remove them by hand, apply insecticidal soap or neem oil, and introduce beneficial insects such as ladybugs and lacewings, which feed on aphids.
Mealybugs: Mealybugs are white, waxy pests that feed on the plant's sap and secrete honeydew, which attracts ants and encourages fungal growth. To manage mealybugs, remove them by hand or with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, apply insecticidal soap, and introduce beneficial insects such as ladybugs.
Mites: Mites are small, spider-like pests that suck sap from the plant, causing stunted growth and discoloration. They are prevalent in hot and dry conditions. To manage mites, prune affected parts of the plant, apply insecticidal soap or neem oil, and keep the plant's environment humid.
Regular monitoring of the plant and early detection of any disease or pest infestation is crucial to prevent severe damage to Markhamia Obtusifolia. Implementing cultural practices, such as proper watering, fertilizing, and pruning, also helps to keep the plant healthy and resistant to diseases and pests.
