Overview of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum.
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum. is a plant species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family. It is commonly known as the African tulip tree, yellow bell or Nandi flame tree.
Origin
The African tulip tree is native to tropical Africa but has been introduced to various regions such as South America, Central America, and Asia. It was formally described by botanist George Bentham and later named by Karl Schumann.
General Appearance
The African tulip tree is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree reaching up to 20 to 25 meters in height with a broad crown. The tree has a smooth grey bark that peels off in thin flakes. The leaves are pinnately compound, with 5 to 9 leaflets which are elliptical or lanceolate, and have a smooth texture with a glossy surface. The flowers are large, showy, and trumpet-shaped with five petals forming a bright yellow or orange-red hue. The fruit is a long green to brown cylindrical capsule with many seeds.
Uses
The African tulip tree is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as stomach aches, fever, and malaria. The tree's bark, leaves, and roots are used to prepare various remedies. The high tannin content of the bark makes it ideal for tanning leather. The tree's durable wood is used for making furniture, cabinets, and as fuel. The tree is also grown as an ornamental plant for its showy flowers.
Light Requirements
Markhamia lutea typically requires full sunlight for growth. It prefers to be located in areas that receive direct sunlight for at least 6-8 hours a day. In low light conditions, the plant is known to grow weakly, with small or malformed leaves.
Temperature Requirements
Markhamia lutea thrives in warm climates, with an ideal temperature range of 18-28°C. It cannot withstand frost or extreme cold temperatures, which can cause damage to leaves and stems. In areas with cold temperatures, it is recommended to grow the plant in greenhouses where the temperature can be controlled.
Soil Requirements
Markhamia lutea prefers well-draining soils that are rich in organic matter. It thrives in soils that are slightly acidic or neutral, with a pH range of 5.8-7.2. The plant does not do well in heavy clay soils that retain water for an extended period. To improve soil drainage, it is recommended to incorporate sand or perlite into the soil before planting.
Cultivation of Markhamia lutea
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum., also known as the yellow bignonia or trumpet flower, can be cultivated in a variety of soils ranging from sandy loam to clay loam, as long as the soil has good drainage. The plant prefers full sun, but it can also tolerate partial shade.
Watering Needs
Markhamia lutea needs moderate watering during the growing season, especially during the summer months. It is essential to ensure that the soil does not become waterlogged. For optimal growth, water the plant deeply once or twice a week, depending on the soil's moisture level.
Fertilization
Markhamia lutea requires regular fertilization for healthy growth and blooming. Apply a balanced fertilizer every two months during the growing season, starting in the spring and stopping in the fall. Use organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, to improve soil fertility and quality.
Pruning
Markhamia lutea requires minimal pruning. Prune the plant lightly to remove any diseased, dead, or damaged wood. Light pruning also helps to shape the plant and encourage bushier growth. The best time to prune the plant is during the winter months when it is dormant.
Propagation of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum.
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum. can be propagated by several methods. These include:
Seed propagation
Seeds of Markhamia lutea can be sown directly in the soil or in containers. The seeds should be cleaned and soaked in water for 24 hours before planting. The soil should be well drained, rich in organic matter, and have a pH of 6.5-7.5. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm and covered lightly with soil. Germination usually takes 2-4 weeks and the seedlings should be watered regularly.
Cutting propagation
Markhamia lutea can also be propagated by stem cuttings. Select healthy, young stems of about 20-25 cm in length. Remove the leaves from the bottom 2/3 of the stem and dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Plant the cutting in a well-draining potting mix and keep the soil moist. The cutting should root in 2-3 weeks and can be transplanted into the ground after 2-3 months.
Air layering propagation
Air layering is another propagation method for Markhamia lutea. Select a healthy branch near the base of the plant and make a ring-shaped cut around the bark, about 1 cm wide. Apply rooting hormone to the cut and wrap the area with moist moss or a plastic bag to keep it moist. Roots should form in a few weeks and the branch can be cut off and replanted in a pot or the ground.
Overall, Markhamia lutea is a hardy plant that can be propagated by different methods. The success rate of propagation varies depending on the method used and the environmental conditions. It is important to keep the soil moist and well-drained, and provide adequate sunlight and nutrients for the plant to grow well.
Disease and Pest Management of Markhamia Lutea
Markhamia lutea, also known as Yellow Bell, is a tropical tree species native to eastern and central Africa. While it is generally a hardy plant, it may be affected by certain diseases and pests. Here are some common ones and suggestions for managing them:
Fungal Diseases
Yellow Bell is susceptible to fungal diseases like root rot, stem cankers, and leaf spot. These diseases can cause wilting, discoloration, and leaf or stem decay. To manage fungal diseases, avoid overhead watering, thin out crowded branches to improve air circulation, and remove infected plant parts. Fungicides may also be used, but it's important to choose a product that is labeled for the specific disease and follow the instructions carefully.
Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial infections, such as bacterial wilt and crown gall, can also affect Yellow Bell. Symptoms may include wilting, stunting, and unusual growths on the stem or roots. To prevent bacterial diseases, avoid planting in waterlogged or poorly drained soils and keep the plant tissue dry. Infected plants should be removed and destroyed to prevent further spread.
Insect Pests
Yellow Bell may also be attacked by a variety of insect pests, including aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites. These pests can cause yellowing or mottling of leaves, stunted growth, and distorted plant parts. To control insect pests, use an insecticidal soap or neem oil spray, which are effective against a wide range of pests. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of infestation and take action early to prevent large-scale damage.
Vertebrate Pests
The bark and leaves of Yellow Bell may be browsed by deer and other herbivores, causing damage to young or newly planted trees. To deter vertebrate pests, use physical barriers like fences or netting, or apply a taste or scent repellent designed for the specific pest. In some cases, culling or relocation of the pest may be necessary.
By taking a proactive approach to disease and pest management, you can help ensure the health and longevity of your Markhamia lutea tree.
