Introduction
Manilkara schweinfurthii (Engl.) Dubard is a species of tree native to Africa, specifically found in the eastern part of the continent. It is commonly referred to by a variety of names including African sapote, mabola plum, and naseberry. It is a valued plant because of its many uses and benefits.
Appearance
The African sapote is a relatively small, evergreen tree that can grow up to 15 meters tall. Its leaves are glossy and dark green, and the tree produces fruit that is similar in appearance to a small plum. The fruit is usually green in color but turns yellow once it is ripe, and contains 1-3 large seeds inside. The tree also produces small, white flowers that bloom in the spring and summer months.
Uses
The fruit of the African sapote tree is edible and is used for a variety of purposes. It is commonly eaten fresh or used in jams, jellies, and preserves. The fruit is also used to make a traditional African alcoholic beverage known as mbege. Additionally, the tree is used for medicinal purposes, with various parts of the plant being used to treat a variety of ailments, such as diarrhea and respiratory infections. The timber of the tree is also highly valued for its strength and durability, making it a popular choice for construction and furniture making.
Conclusion
The African sapote, or Manilkara schweinfurthii, is a versatile and valuable plant native to Africa. Its edible fruit, medicinal properties, and durable wood make it an important resource for many communities throughout the continent.
Light Requirements
Manilkara schweinfurthii grows well in full sunlight or partial shade. However, it thrives best in areas with plenty of direct sunlight exposure.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for the growth of Manilkara schweinfurthii is between 24°C to 28°C. It can tolerate temperatures as low as 15°C and as high as 32°C, but growth rates may slow down under these conditions.
Soil Requirements
Manilkara schweinfurthii prefers well-drained and fertile soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The plant does not tolerate waterlogged soils, which can lead to root rot. Sandy loam or loamy soils provide the best conditions for growth.
Cultivation
Manilkara schweinfurthii is a tropical tree that grows best in warm, humid climates with plenty of rainfall. It requires well-draining soil but can tolerate a range of soil types. The plant can be propagated through seed and grafting, and should be planted in a location that receives full sunlight.
Watering Needs
Proper watering is crucial for the growth of Manilkara schweinfurthii. It needs to be watered regularly to maintain soil moisture levels and prevent drought stress. However, overwatering should be avoided as it can lead to root rot. In addition, it's important to water the plant in the early morning or late afternoon to avoid water evaporation during the hottest parts of the day.
Fertilization
Appropriate fertilizers should be applied to Manilkara schweinfurthii to promote its growth and development. A balanced fertilizer with a ratio of 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 should be applied every 6 to 8 weeks during the growing season. The dosage should be adjusted according to the size and age of the plant.
Pruning
Manilkara schweinfurthii needs regular pruning to maintain its shape and promote healthy growth. Dead or diseased branches, as well as any weak or damaged growth, should be removed to reduce the risk of pests and diseases. Pruning should be done during the dormant season, either in late winter or early spring. Care should be taken not to over-prune the plant as it can lead to stunted growth or even death.
Propagation methods of Manilkara schweinfurthii
Manilkara schweinfurthii, also known as African balata, is propagated mainly through seeds but can also be propagated through cuttings and grafting.
Seed propagation
The seeds of Manilkara schweinfurthii are collected from mature fruits that have fallen on the ground. The seeds are cleaned to remove any pulp or debris and can be sown immediately.
The seeds are sown in a mixture of loam and sand at a depth of 1 cm. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Germination usually takes between 7 to 14 days, and the seedlings can be transplanted into individual containers when they are about 4 cm tall.
The seedlings can be grown in containers for a year before being transplanted to their permanent location in the field.
Cutting propagation
Softwood cuttings of Manilkara schweinfurthii can be taken in the spring or summer. The cuttings should be 10 to 15 cm long, with at least two nodes. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormone before being planted in a mixture of sand and peat moss.
The cuttings should be kept in a warm and humid environment and misted regularly. Roots usually form in 4 to 6 weeks, and the young plants can be transplanted into individual containers.
Grafting
Manilkara schweinfurthii can be grafted onto rootstock of the same species or other closely related species. The best time to graft is during the spring when the sap is flowing.
The scion should be taken from a healthy plant and should be about 10 cm long with at least three buds. The rootstock should be about the same diameter as the scion and should be cut at an angle. The scion should also be cut at an angle, and the two pieces should be joined together.
The graft union should be wrapped with grafting tape and covered with grafting wax to prevent desiccation. The grafted plant should be kept in a warm and humid environment until new growth appears.
Disease Management
Manilkara schweinfurthii, commonly known as African milk tree, is susceptible to various diseases. Some common diseases that might affect the plant include:
- Anthracnose: Symptoms of this disease include dark-colored spots on leaves, branches, and fruits. To manage anthracnose, prune off all infected parts of the plant and ensure good ventilation around the plant
- Leaf spot: This disease is characterized by circular or oval-shaped spots on leaves, and can cause defoliation of the plant. To manage leaf spot, ensure good air circulation around the plant and avoid overhead watering.
- Root rot: Root rot is caused by overwatering and poorly drained soils. Symptoms include yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and wilting. To manage root rot, ensure good drainage around the plant and avoid overwatering.
Pest Management
Manilkara schweinfurthii is also vulnerable to insect and mite pests. Some common pests that might affect the plant include:
- Mealybugs: Mealybugs are small, white, oval-shaped insects. They can be controlled by spraying the plant with a mixture of water and neem oil or insecticidal soap.
- Spider mites: Spider mites are tiny pests that can be difficult to see. They suck sap from the leaves, causing the leaves to turn yellow and brittle. To manage spider mites, keep the plant well-hydrated and spray with a mixture of water and insecticidal soap.
- Scale insects: Scale insects are small, oval-shaped pests that attach themselves to the leaves and stems of the plant. They can be controlled by wiping them off with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol.
