Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard
Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard, also known as the "Cow-tree" or "Milk tree," is a species of tree in the sapodilla family Sapotaceae. It is native to South America, particularly in the Amazon rainforest region of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
General Appearance
The tree can grow up to 30-40 meters in height with a straight, cylindrical trunk that can reach a diameter of up to 100 cm. The bark of the tree is grey to brown and has deep vertical cracks giving it a rough texture. The branches of the tree are horizontal or drooping, forming a dense, pyramidal-shaped crown. The leaves of the tree are glossy and leathery, with prominent parallel veins. The tree is evergreen, and the leaves do not fall seasonally.
Uses
The tree's sap is milky white and edible, hence its common name "Cow-tree" or "Milk tree." It is rich in nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals and is a traditional food source for the indigenous people of the Amazon region. The sap can be consumed directly, boiled, or roasted to make bread, cakes, candies, or beverages.
Manilkara multinervis is also used for medicinal purposes, as it has astringent, tonic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The bark, leaves, and fruits of the tree have been used to treat digestive disorders, fever, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. The tree's dense wood is durable and resistant to termites, making it ideal for construction, furniture, and tool-making.
Light Requirements
Manilkara multinervis typically grows in partial shade to full sun. While it can tolerate full sun, it is better suited to partial shade, especially during the hottest parts of the day. In ideal conditions, the plant may receive four to six hours of direct sunlight each day.
Temperature Requirements
Manilkara multinervis is a tropical plant and requires warm temperatures to thrive. It prefers temperatures between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius during the day and 15 to 20 degrees Celsius at night. Temperatures below 13 degrees Celsius or above 35 degrees Celsius can damage or kill the plant. This species is not suited for areas that experience frost or freezing temperatures.
Soil Requirements
Manilkara multinervis grows best in well-drained soils with medium to high fertility. It prefers slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils, with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. The soil should also be rich in organic matter and have good moisture retention capacity, without being waterlogged. The plant can tolerate saline soils but not waterlogged or poorly drained soils.
Cultivation Methods for Manilkara multinervis
Manilkara multinervis grows well in full sun and well-draining soil. It is essential to plant the trees in an area with adequate space to allow its roots to spread out without competing with other plants. The seedlings should be planted at least 10 feet apart.
The best time to plant is during the rainy season when the soil is moist and easier to work with. Prepare the soil first by tilling and adding compost to improve soil fertility and structure. After planting, add mulch on top of the soil to retain moisture, deter weed growth, and protect the young plant's roots from extreme weather conditions.
Watering Needs for Manilkara multinervis
Manilkara multinervis is a drought-tolerant plant, but it still requires regular watering for proper growth. During the first year of planting, water the plant twice a week. After that, the plants can survive with less frequent watering, depending on the climate.
It's essential to water the plant deeply and thoroughly, ensuring that the water reaches the roots. Avoid frequent shallow watering, which can lead to root rot or stunted growth. Monitor the soil's moisture content regularly and adjust the watering schedule to ensure the soil doesn't dry out completely.
Fertilization for Manilkara multinervis
Manilkara multinervis grows well in nutrient-rich soil. It's crucial to fertilize the plant regularly to promote healthy growth and fruiting. Use a balanced fertilizer containing equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium every six months.
If your soil is deficient in essential nutrients, you can use organic fertilizers like compost or manure to improve soil fertility. Apply the organic fertilizer to the soil's surface, close to the plant's stem, and mix thoroughly with the topsoil to promote nutrient absorption.
Pruning for Manilkara multinervis
Manilkara multinervis requires minimal pruning, mainly during the early stages of growth. Prune any damaged or diseased branches and those that grow close to the ground. Removing low-growing branches and thinning out overcrowded ones enhances the plant's overall growth and health.
Trim the tree's canopy annually to promote air circulation and allow sunlight to penetrate the inner branches. However, avoid over-pruning the tree, which can lead to weakened branches and reduced yields. Prune the plant during the dry season when the tree's growth is slow and less susceptible to damage.
Propagation of Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard
Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard, commonly known as "massaranduba," belongs to the Sapotaceae family. This species of tropical tree is native to South America, particularly the Amazon Rainforest. Propagation methods for this plant include seed propagation and vegetative propagation.
Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is a common method for increasing the number of Manilkara multinervis trees. It is recommended to use fresh seeds for propagation to increase the germination rate. The seeds require pre-treatment to soften the seed coat and improve germination. Pre-treatment includes soaking the seeds in hot water for up to 24 hours. Afterward, the seeds are sown in seedling trays filled with a well-draining medium such as a mixture of peat moss and perlite. The trays should be kept in a warm, humid location and watered regularly until the seeds germinate. Once the seedlings have developed a few true leaves, they can be transplanted to individual pots and grown until ready for field planting.
Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative propagation is another method for propagating Manilkara multinervis. This method involves taking cuttings from a mature tree and propagating them to create a genetic clone of the parent plant. The cuttings should be taken during the dormant season and should be at least 30 cm in length with three to four nodes. The basal end of the cuttings should be treated with rooting hormone and then planted in a well-draining medium such as perlite or sand. The cuttings should be kept in a humid environment with a temperature of around 27-30°C. Roots should develop in about 6-8 weeks, after which the plantlets can be transplanted to individual pots and grown until they are ready for field planting.
Both methods of propagation can be successful for Manilkara multinervis, depending on environmental conditions and the availability of resources for post-propagation care.
Disease and Pest Management for Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard
Manilkara multinervis (Baker) Dubard, commonly known as palo de vaca or cow tree, is a tropical evergreen tree that is native to South and Central America. It is highly valued for the latex that it produces, which is used in the production of chewing gum and latex products. To ensure the health and productivity of the tree, it is important to manage and prevent diseases and pests that might affect it.
Common Diseases
One of the common diseases that affect Manilkara multinervis is leaf spot. This disease is caused by a fungus and is characterized by circular spots on the leaves, which then turn yellow and fall off. Managing this disease involves removing infected leaves and avoiding overhead watering, which can spread the fungus. Fungicide sprays can also be applied as a preventative measure.
Another disease that can affect Manilkara multinervis is powdery mildew. This disease is characterized by a white powdery substance on the leaves and stems. It is caused by a fungus and can be prevented by providing good air circulation and avoiding overhead watering. Fungicide sprays can also be applied as a preventative measure.
Common Pests
One of the common pests that affect Manilkara multinervis is spider mites. These tiny insects can cause yellowing and browning of the leaves and can be controlled by regularly spraying the tree with a strong jet of water to dislodge them. Insecticidal soap or neem oil can also be applied to control an infestation.
Another pest that can affect Manilkara multinervis is mealybugs. These insects are small and white and can be found on the undersides of the leaves and along the stems. They secrete a sticky substance which can cause mold growth and can be controlled by rubbing them off with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol. Insecticidal soap or neem oil can also be applied to control an infestation.
Regular monitoring of the tree and prompt action when an issue arises can help to manage and prevent diseases and pests that might affect Manilkara multinervis. By providing the tree with proper care and attention, it can continue to produce high-quality latex and thrive in its tropical environment.
