Overview
Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam is a large, evergreen tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The tree is known by several common names, including wild mango, African locust bean, and ogbono.
Description
The tree can grow up to 45 meters tall and has a trunk diameter of 1.5 meters. The bark of the tree is dark brown and rough, with deep vertical grooves. The leaves of the tree are simple, alternate, and oblong-shaped, with a length of 15-35 cm and a width of 5-12 cm. The leaf apex is pointed, and the base is rounded. The fruit of the tree is a fleshy, oblong, or ellipsoid berry that measures 6-15 cm in length and 4-7 cm in width. The fruit is green when unripe and turns yellow-orange when ripe.
Uses
The fruits of M. altissima are edible and highly valued in West and Central Africa. The fruit pulp is used to make a thick soup or sauce known as ogbono soup, which is a popular delicacy in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Ghana. The seeds of the tree are used to produce a nutritious, protein-rich, and flavorful condiment known as dawadawa or iru in West Africa. The wood of the tree is highly durable, resistant to termites and is used in the construction of houses, canoes, and furniture. Its bark, sap, and leaves are also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as fever, stomach ache, and wounds.
Growth Conditions for Manilkara altissima
Manilkara altissima, also known as the sapodilla tree, is a slow-growing evergreen tree that can reach up to 30 meters in height. It is native to Central and South America and is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. To ensure optimal growth, the plant requires specific growing conditions for light, temperature, and soil requirements.
Light Requirements
Sapodilla trees require full sun exposure to produce fruit, but they can tolerate some shade when they are young. The ideal light conditions for optimal growth and fruit production include at least 8 hours of direct sunlight throughout the day. The tree can grow in partial shade, but it will result in a smaller yield with fewer fruit and slower growth rate.
Temperature Requirements
The sapodilla tree is a tropical plant that thrives in warm, humid climates. The ideal temperature range for growth and fruit production is between 20 and 35 degrees Celsius. Temperatures below 15 degrees Celsius can cause damage to the tree or even death, while temperatures above 38 degrees Celsius can reduce fruit quality and yield.
Soil Requirements
The sapodilla tree prefers well-draining, loamy soil that is rich in organic matter. The optimal soil pH range is between 6 and 7.5. These trees can tolerate soil conditions that are slightly acidic or slightly alkaline, but extreme conditions will lead to poor growth and reduced yields. Additionally, the sapodilla tree is sensitive to saline soils and cannot tolerate waterlogged or compacted soil.
Cultivation of Manilkara altissima
Manilkara altissima requires a warm and humid climate to thrive. The plant prefers well-drained, loamy soil.
Watering Needs
Frequent watering is necessary for Manilkara altissima to flourish, especially during dry seasons. Regular watering must be done, making sure that the soil remains moist, but not waterlogged. However, overwatering must be avoided as it can cause root rot.
Fertilization
Fertilization is an essential aspect of Manilkara altissima cultivation. Regular application of a balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10, will significantly enhance plant growth. The best time for fertilization is during the growing season, and it must be adequately diluted to avoid causing burn on the plant.
Pruning
Pruning of Manilkara altissima promotes strong and robust growth. The plant can be pruned to redirect growth, remove dead or diseased wood, and to enhance the aesthetic appeal. However, pruning should be done during the dormant period to prevent bleeding or excessive sap loss.
Propagation of Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam
Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam can be propagated through seeds, cuttings, and grafting.
Propagation by Seeds:
The seeds of Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam can be collected from the mature fruit that falls to the ground or is manually harvested. After cleaning and pre-treatment of seed for one to two days with hot water (100 degrees Celsius), seeds can be sown in a well-draining soil medium. The optimal temperature for germination of seeds is around 25-30 degrees Celsius. Seedlings will emerge within two to six weeks, and the young plants can be transplanted into larger pots or into the field after six to eight months of growth.
Propagation by Cuttings:
Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam can be propagated by cuttings taken from semi-hardwood shoots. Cuttings should be approximately15-20 cm in length, taken from the middle of the stem (with a diameter of 1-2 cm), with at least two buds. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cutting should be dipped in a rooting hormone and planted in a well-draining medium such as sand or perlite. Cuttings require moisture and high humidity to encourage rooting, which usually occurs within six to eight weeks. After the establishment of roots, cuttings can be transplanted to larger pots or in the field.
Propagation by Grafting:
Grafting is a common method for propagating Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam. The rootstock of a related and compatible Manilkara species can be used for grafting. The scion, which istaken from a healthy and mature tree, should be grafted onto the rootstock using an appropriate grafting technique. After grafting, the plants should be kept in a humid environment until the graft union is strong, which usually occurs within four to eight weeks. Grafting is an efficient method to produce clonal and desirable plants of Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam.
Disease and Pest Management for Manilkara altissima (Engl.) H.J.Lam
Manilkara altissima, also known as the bulletwood tree, is generally resistant to diseases and pests. However, certain conditions may make the tree susceptible to certain problems. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the tree and ways to manage them:
Fungus Diseases
Manilkara altissima is susceptible to root rot and leaf spot fungus. These diseases are caused by excessive moisture, poor drainage, and high humidity. To manage these diseases, it is important to keep the surrounding area clean and free of debris and avoid overwatering the tree. Also, pruning away infected branches and leaves can help to prevent the spread of the disease.
Insect Pests
The Manilkara altissima is usually not severely affected by insect pests. However, infestations of mites, caterpillars, and scale insects may occur. These pests feed on the sap of the tree, which may weaken the tree and cause yellowing or wilting of the leaves. To manage insect infestations, you can wash the leaves of the tree with a mild soap solution to remove the infestation. Also, introducing natural predators of the pests, such as parasitic wasps, can help to control the population of the pests. If an infestation is severe, you may need to use insecticides.
Environmental Stress
Environmental stress can also affect the Manilkara altissima. Drought, extreme heat, and cold temperatures can cause the tree to weaken and become more susceptible to pests and diseases. To minimize environmental stresses, you need to maintain an adequate water supply and ensure proper drainage, especially during rainy seasons. Providing shade and mulching the base of the tree can also help to conserve moisture and regulate soil temperature.
Proper disease and pest management of the Manilkara altissima can help to improve the tree's growth and overall health. It is important to monitor the tree regularly and take appropriate measures to prevent or manage problems that may arise.
