Overview of Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh.
Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh. is a genus of leguminous plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. It contains about 50 species of annual and perennial herbs, which are native to Africa. The genus has a wide distribution in sub-saharan Africa and includes species that thrive in arid and semi-arid regions.
Common Names
The genus Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh. is commonly referred to as "Lotononis" or "Wild-tobacco". The latter name is derived from the fact that some species of this genus produce a substance with a scent similar to that of tobacco. Other common names include "Masegoane" and "Thipe" in Botswana.
General Appearance
The plants of the genus Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh. are characterized by their small to medium-sized leaves that are usually arranged in alternate patterns along the stems. The leaves are trifoliate (compound of three leaflets) and have a toothed margin. The flowers are small, usually yellow or white, and are produced in axillary clusters. The fruit is a small pod containing several seeds.
The plants vary in height from 10 cm to 1 meter tall, depending on the species. Some species have woody stems while others are herbaceous.
Uses
The plants of the genus Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh. have various uses. Some species are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments like diarrhea, inflammation, and respiratory infections. In southern Africa, some species are used as a source of firewood and charcoal. The dried leaves can also be used as fodder for livestock.
Some species of Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh. also have ecological benefits as they can be used as cover crops to prevent soil erosion and improve soil fertility by fixing nitrogen through their root nodules. Some species of the genus have also been tested for their potential as biocontrol agents against harmful plant pathogens.
Growth Conditions for Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh.
Light: Lotononis plants prefer full sun exposure for optimal growth and development. They require at least 6 hours of direct sunlight every day and can tolerate partial shade. Insufficient light can cause stunted growth and reduce flowering.
Temperature: These plants prefer warm temperature conditions ranging between 60-80°F. They are not frost-tolerant and can be damaged by cold temperature conditions. The ideal temperature range for Lotononis growth is between 70-75°F.
Soil: Lotononis plants prefer well-drained soil with a neutral to slightly acidic pH between 6.0 and 7.5. They can tolerate poor soil conditions but require regular watering to thrive. Soil that is too rich can lead to excessive vegetative growth and reduced flowering.
Water: These plants require regular watering to maintain consistent soil moisture levels. Overwatering, as well as under-watering, can adversely affect plant growth and development. In general, it is best to water Lotononis when the soil feels dry to the touch.
Fertilizer: Lotononis plants do not require frequent fertilization. An application of standard balanced fertilizer once or twice a year in early spring and late summer is sufficient to support healthy growth and flowering.
Propagation: These plants can be propagated via seeds or cuttings. Seeds can be directly sown into the soil, while cuttings can be taken from mature plants and rooted in a well-draining substrate. It is best to propagate Lotononis during the early spring or late summer when the plants are in an active growth phase.
Cultivation of Lotononis
Lotononis is a hardy plant that grows well in areas with high temperatures, plenty of sunlight and well-drained soils. It is an easy to grow plant that can thrive in different growing conditions.
The plant can be propagated by seeds, which should be sown in well-drained soil with a pH level of between 6.0 and 7.5. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 1 to 2 cm and about 10 to 15 cm of space should be left between plants.
Watering
Lotononis requires regular watering, especially during the hot, dry season. However, it should not be overwatered as it can lead to rotting of the roots. Adequate watering should keep the soil moist but not too soggy. You can check the moisture content of the soil by inserting your finger into the soil to about 5cm deep to see if it feels dry.
Fertilization
Lotononis benefits from the application of fertilizer during the growing season. Well-rotted manure or compost can be added to the soil a few weeks before planting. Alternatively, a balanced granular fertilizer with a ratio of 10:10:20 can be applied once every two weeks. Always follow the instructions on the package for the recommended dosage.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Lotononis, but can be done to shape the plant or to remove any diseased or dead wood. The best time to prune is after the flowering season is over. Always use clean and sharp pruning shears to make a clean cut and avoid damaging the plant.
Propagation of Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh.
Lotononis can be propagated through different methods such as seeds, cuttings, and division.
Seeds
The easiest way to grow Lotononis is through seeds. Collect mature seeds from the plant after the seed pods have dried and turned brown. To ensure proper germination, scarify the seeds by rubbing lightly with sandpaper or soaking in hot water for several hours before planting. Plant the seeds in well-draining soil, cover lightly with medium, and keep in a warm and humid place. Water regularly but avoid overwatering to prevent fungal growth. Germination usually occurs within two to four weeks.
Cuttings
Softwood cuttings of Lotononis can be taken during the growing season. Take stem cuttings of about 8-10 cm in length from a healthy plant, preferably in the morning when the plant is turgid and hydrated. Remove the lower leaves and dip the bottom of the cutting in rooting hormone powder to promote root growth. Plant the cutting in a well-draining medium and keep it moist and warm. Roots should start developing within 4-6 weeks.
Division
Division is suitable for mature plants that have become too big for their container or garden beds. Carefully remove the plant from its pot or soil and gently separate the clumps into smaller sections. Ensure each section has some roots and shoots. Replant the divided sections at the same depth as the original plant in well-draining soil and water thoroughly.
Disease Management for Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh.
Lotononis plants are susceptible to several diseases that can cause significant damage if left unmanaged. Here are some common diseases and ways to manage them:
Virus Diseases
Some viruses can infect Lotononis plants, causing symptoms such as yellowing, stunting, and leaf curling. Unfortunately, there are no cures for viral diseases. Infected plants should be removed and destroyed to prevent further spread of the virus to healthy plants.
Fungal Diseases
Fungal diseases such as root rot, anthracnose, and powdery mildew can also affect Lotononis plants. To prevent these diseases, it is important to avoid overwatering and to keep the plants in well-draining soil. Fungicides can also be used as a preventative measure, but be sure to follow the instructions carefully.
Pest Management for Lotononis (DC.) Ecklon & Zeyh.
Lotononis plants are also susceptible to pest infestations that can damage the plant. Here are some common pests and ways to manage them:
Mites
Spider mites can be a problem for Lotononis plants, causing yellowing and stippling of the leaves. Regularly spraying the plants with water can help prevent infestations. Insecticidal soap can also be used to control mite populations.
Caterpillars
Caterpillars can eat through the leaves of Lotononis plants, causing significant damage. Handpicking the caterpillars off the plant is an effective method of control. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is also an effective biological control for caterpillars.
Aphids
Aphids can suck the sap from the leaves of Lotononis plants, causing them to wilt and become yellowed. Insecticidal soap or neem oil can be used to eliminate aphids. Introducing ladybugs to the garden can also help control aphid populations.
