Origin
Lithospermum calycosum (J.F. Macbr.) I.M. Johnston, also known as largeflower gromwell or calyx-flowered stoneseed, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to western North America, particularly found in the Rocky Mountains and surrounding areas. It was first described by John Franklin Macbride in 1901 and later reclassified by Ivan Murray Johnston in 1928.
Common Names
Lithospermum calycosum is commonly known as largeflower gromwell, calyx-flowered stoneseed, or Rocky Mountain stoneseed.
Uses
Traditionally, the roots and leaves of Lithospermum calycosum have been used by Native American tribes for various medicinal purposes, including as a diuretic and to treat snakebites and infections. The plant is also utilized in the cosmetic industry for creating natural dyes. Additionally, it is a source of food for wildlife, particularly deer and elk.
General Appearance
Lithospermum calycosum grows to be about 1-3 feet tall with a spread of about 1-2 feet. The plant has small, bright yellow flowers that bloom from May to August and are arranged in clusters. The leaves are narrow and lance-shaped, and the stems are covered in stiff, bristly hairs. The root system consists of a taproot and several branching thick roots. The plant thrives in sunny and dry areas, such as rocky slopes and open woodlands, and is able to tolerate drought conditions.
Light Conditions
Lithospermum calycosum requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. In areas with intense sunlight, it is best to provide some shade during the hottest part of the day, as excessive exposure to direct sunlight can cause leaf scorching and stunted growth.
Temperature Requirements
Lithospermum calycosum is a hardy plant and can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In general, the plant prefers a temperate climate with moderate temperatures and humidity. It can survive cold temperatures and light frost, but prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can damage the plant.
Soil Conditions
Lithospermum calycosum grows best in well-draining soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. It can grow in a variety of soil types, including sand, loam, and clay, but prefers a soil that is rich in organic matter. Additionally, the plant prefers soil that is moist but does not become waterlogged, as this can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases.
Cultivation Methods
Lithospermum calycosum, commonly called Dwarf Gromwell or Small-flowered Gromwell, is a hardy plant that is easy to grow. It prefers a sunny location that receives partial shade during the day. The plant thrives in well-draining soil and can grow in sandy, loamy, or clay soils. It is drought-tolerant and can withstand hot and dry conditions, making it ideal for xeriscaping projects.
Watering Needs
Lithospermum calycosum prefers well-draining soil, but it doesn't like to be kept entirely dry. While it is drought-tolerant, watering it once a week is ideal. Water the plant deeply and thoroughly, allowing the soil to soak up the water. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot. The plant will show signs of under-watering by wilting and yellowing leaves.
Fertilization
Lithospermum calycosum does not require a lot of fertilizer. Over-fertilizing can cause the plant to become leggy and weak. A light application of all-purpose fertilizer once or twice a year in early spring or late fall is enough to encourage healthy growth. Use a slow-release fertilizer and follow the package instructions for the right amount to apply.
Pruning
Pruning encourages bushy growth and helps maintain the plant's shape. Lithospermum calycosum responds well to pruning, and the best time to do it is in early spring before new growth emerges. Remove any dead or diseased wood, and cut back any stems that are crossing or rubbing against each other. Cut the stems just above a set of leaves to promote new growth.
Propagation of Lithospermum calycosum
Lithospermum calycosum (J.F. Macbr.) I.M. Johnston, commonly known as "stiff-stem puccoon," is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Boraginaceae family. The plant is native to North America, specifically in the central part of the United States. It has showy yellow flowers that bloom from April to June and is an attractive addition to a garden or landscape. Propagation can be done using four main methods: seeds, cuttings, division, and layering.
Seeds
The seeds of Lithospermum calycosum can be used to propagate the plant. Sow the seeds in a high-quality seed-starting mix in early spring. Gently press the seeds into the soil and cover them with a light layer of soil. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged, and provide sufficient light and warmth. The germination rate of the Lithospermum calycosum is relatively low, but if done correctly, seed propagation can result in a high success rate.
Cuttings
Stem cuttings can be taken from Lithospermum calycosum for propagation in early summer. Choose healthy, non-flowering stems and cut them into 3-4 inch sections. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end of each section into rooting hormone powder. Plant the cuttings in a pot filled with well-draining soil and keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Once the cuttings have developed roots, they can be transplanted into individual pots or outdoors in a prepared garden bed.
Division
The plant can also be propagated by division in early spring before new growth appears or in the fall after the plant has gone dormant. Dig up the plant, and gently separate the roots and shoots into smaller, manageable sections using a sharp, clean knife or garden shears. Ensure that each section has enough roots to support growth. Replant the divided sections in well-draining soil with adequate spacing between them.
Layering
Layering is another propagation method that can be done in the spring or early summer. Choose a healthy stem that is close to the ground and without flowers. Make a small incision on the stem and cover it with soil, keeping the tip exposed. Water the area regularly so that the soil remains moist but not waterlogged. The stem will soon develop roots, and once they are well-established, the new plant can be separated from the parent plant and transplanted into a new garden bed or pot.
Disease and Pest Management for Lithospermum calycosum (J.F. Macbr.) I.M. Johnston
Lithospermum calycosum (J.F. Macbr.) I.M. Johnston is a hardy and easy to grow plant, but it is not immune to certain pests and diseases. Here are some common issues that you might encounter with Lithospermum calycosum, and ways to manage them.
Common Diseases
Lithospermum calycosum is susceptible to several fungal diseases, including root rot and powdery mildew. Root rot is caused by over-watering and poorly drained soil, while powdery mildew thrives in humid and moist conditions.
To manage these diseases, it is essential to maintain good soil drainage and avoid over-watering. Fungicidal treatments may help to prevent and control powdery mildew. Soil sterilization is also an effective way of preventing root rot.
Common Pests
Lithospermum calycosum is relatively pest-resistant, but it can be affected by several common garden pests. These include aphids, spider mites, and thrips.
To manage these pests, use insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils to control infestations. Encourage natural predators such as ladybugs and lacewings to help control aphids and spider mites. Regularly check your plants for signs of infestation, and take action as soon as possible.
By following these tips, you can keep your Lithospermum calycosum healthy and pest-free.
