Overview
Lecidea calcivora (Ehrh.) Nyl. is a type of lichen that grows on calcareous rocks in southern Europe. It is a species of the family Lecideaceae, which includes about 440 known species of lichens.
Common Names
Lecidea calcivora is commonly known as the "Calcareous Pin-Cushion Lichen" or the "Calcareous Cup Lichen".
Appearance
The thallus of Lecidea calcivora measures around 0.3 to 0.8 mm in diameter and is usually a greenish-grey or yellowish color. It forms small cups or cushions on calcareous rocks, which can grow up to 1 cm in diameter. These cups have wide, flat tops, which can be convex or even slightly concave.
The apothecia of the Lecidea calcivora are usually abundant and can be up to 0.3 mm in diameter. They are usually black and have a flat, disc-like shape. The margins of the apothecia can be smooth or slightly raised, with a distinct thalline rim.
Uses
Lecidea calcivora does not have any known major traditional uses in medicine or industry. However, lichens in general have been used for various purposes such as natural dyes, perfumes, and for their antimicrobial properties. Lecidea calcivora may have potential in these applications as well, but more research would be needed to fully understand its properties.
Growth Conditions for Lecidea calcivora
Lecidea calcivora (Ehrh.) Nyl. is a lichenized fungus found in different habitats, such as soil, rocks, and tree bark. Understanding this species' growth conditions is crucial to promote its establishment and survival in a given area.
Light Requirements
Lichens are photosynthetic organisms that require light to produce their own food. In general, Lecidea calcivora grows best in a shaded environment, under diffuse light conditions. Direct sunlight can be harmful and reduce the lichen's vitality, leading to a decline in growth or even death.
Temperature Range
The temperature range for Lecidea calcivora growth varies greatly, depending on the geographic location and its associated climate. However, it is generally considered a cold-tolerant species that can thrive in harsh environments. For instance, this lichen has been found colonizing rocks in the Arctic tundra. Temperatures above 30°C can be detrimental to its growth.
Soil and Substrate Requirements
Lecidea calcivora typically grows on lime-rich substrates, such as calcareous rocks or mortar, although it can also occur on other substrates like soil, bark, and wood. This species prefers a slightly acidic to neutral soil environment.
The soil type can vary widely, but Lecidea calcivora requires a substrate that retains some moisture to support its growth. In dry environments, the lichen can reduce its metabolic activity and enter a dormant state. Therefore, increasing the air moisture by providing shade and reducing soil drainage can promote Lecidea calcivora's growth and colonization.
Cultivation Methods
Lecidea calcivora is a lichen species that grows predominantly on calcareous substrates, such as rocks, walls, and mortar. Therefore, it can grow naturally without human intervention in outdoor environments, especially in regions where the climate is temperate and humid, and the air quality is clean. However, if you want to cultivate it, you need to mimic its natural conditions by providing a substrate that resembles a rock or a wall. One way to achieve this is by preparing a mixture of lime (calcium oxide), sand, and water, and applying it onto a wooden surface. Once the mixture dries, you can attach the Lecidea calcivora thallus fragments onto it, using adhesive or gauze. Then, you can place the wooden substrate in a shaded and moist place, preferably outdoors, and let the lichen grow naturally for several months to years, depending on the size of the desired colony.
Watering Needs
Lecidea calcivora is highly dependent on moisture, both from the air and from the substrate. The thallus can absorb water vapor and nutrients from the atmosphere through its pores, and it can also channel water and minerals from the substrate through its hyphae. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a moist and cool environment around the lichen, especially during hot and dry seasons. However, you should avoid overwatering or spraying the thallus directly with water, as this can damage its delicate structure and reduce its photosynthetic efficiency. Instead, you can mist the air around the lichen or sprinkle the substrate with water occasionally, just enough to keep it damp but not soggy.
Fertilization
Lecidea calcivora does not require any external fertilization, as it can produce its own organic compounds through photosynthesis, using sunlight and carbon dioxide. However, it can benefit from a source of nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are essential for its growth and reproduction. You can provide these nutrients indirectly by using a substrate that contains some organic matter or by adding small amounts of lime or wood ash to the substrate. These materials can release calcium and other micronutrients slowly over time, without harming the lichen or altering its pH significantly.
Pruning
Lecidea calcivora does not require any pruning per se, as it does not have any leaves or stems that can overgrow or interfere with its function. However, you can trim the edges or surface of the substrate where the lichen grows, to maintain its shape and size, and to remove any debris or competing plants that may colonize it. You should use clean and sharp tools, such as scissors or a scalpel, and avoid touching or scraping the thallus directly. You should also disinfect the tools before and after use, to prevent the spread of pathogens or parasites that may harm the lichen.
Propagation of Lecidea calcivora
The propagation of Lecidea calcivora (Ehrh.) Nyl. can be achieved through various methods. This lichen has a unique reproductive system that involves the fusion of fungal hyphae and algal cells.
Fragmentation
One of the methods of propagating Lecidea calcivora is through fragmentation. As the lichen grows, it can become detached from its substratum. These fragments can then be used to propagate new lichens, as they contain both the fungal and algal components. The fragments should be carefully transferred to the desired location and allowed to establish themselves on the new substratum.
Soredia dispersal
Lecidea calcivora can also be propagated through soredia dispersal. Soredia are small, asexual propagules that contain both the fungal and algal components. They can be found on the surface of the thallus and are easily dispersed by wind, rain, or other factors.
To propagate Lecidea calcivora through soredia dispersal, the soredia can be collected and placed onto a suitable substrate. The substrate should be kept moist to allow the soredia to establish themselves. In favorable conditions, the soredia will develop into new lichen thalli.
Disease Management for Lecidea calcivora
Lecidea calcivora (Ehrh.) Nyl. is mostly free from significant fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. However, the plant is susceptible to some diseases, such as:
- Phytophthora root rot: This disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus that infects the roots of the plant and causes wilting, yellowing, and stunted growth. The best way to manage this disease is to plant Lecidea calcivora in well-drained soil and avoid excessive watering.
- Leaf spot: This disease is caused by fungi that infect the leaves and cause circular or angular spots with concentric rings. To prevent leaf spot, you should avoid overhead watering and ensure proper air circulation around the plant. Also, you can use fungicides to manage the disease.
Pest Management for Lecidea calcivora
Lecidea calcivora is also resistant to most pests. However, some pests may occasionally attack the plant, such as:
- Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck the sap from the plant, which weakens it. To manage aphids, you can use natural predators, such as ladybugs, or insecticides.
- Spider mites: These pests are difficult to see with the naked eye but can cause yellowing and dropping of leaves. Managing spider mites involves washing the plant with water or spraying them with insecticides.
Overall, maintaining proper cultural and growing conditions for Lecidea calcivora can help to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases. Also, scouting and identifying any issues early can help you to manage them effectively.
