Origin of Lathyrus sativus
Lathyrus sativus, commonly known as Grass pea, is a plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae. Its origin can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years.
Common Names of Lathyrus sativus
Grass pea is also commonly known by different names around the world. In India, it is called Khesari dal or Khesari, while in Bangladesh, it is known as Bhatmas. In Ethiopia, it is called Chikpea or Chicheva, while in the Middle East, it is known as Jarbua or Jarban.
Uses of Lathyrus sativus
The seeds of grass pea are commonly consumed as a food source in many parts of the world. They are highly nutritious and rich in protein, dietary fibers, and minerals. Grass pea is also used in agriculture as a cover crop, as it has the ability to fix nitrogen in the soil.
However, grass pea contains an amino acid called beta-N-Oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), which can cause a neurological disease called lathyrism if consumed in large amounts. This disease, which is characterized by paralysis and muscular weakness, has been documented throughout history and was often associated with times of famine when people had no other food sources available.
General Appearance of Lathyrus sativus
Lathyrus sativus is a hardy annual plant that can grow up to 1.5 meters in height. It has slender stems with small, delicate leaves and produces clusters of pale blue, pink, or white flowers. The pods are cylindrical and contain up to 8 seeds, which are typically brown or yellow in color.
The plant has a deep root system that allows it to survive in harsh environmental conditions, making it a valuable crop in areas with poor soil quality or limited water availability.
Light Requirements
Lathyrus sativus, commonly known as the grass pea, prefers full sun but can grow in partial shade as well. It needs a minimum of 4-5 hours of direct sunlight per day to grow properly. Insufficient light can lead to low yields and weak plants. Thus, planting the seeds in a location with abundant sunlight is essential for its growth.
Temperature Requirements
The grass pea requires warm temperatures to germinate and grow. The ideal temperature for germination is between 10-25°C. Once the plant is established, it can tolerate a wide range of temperatures between 5°C-35°C. However, it grows best in warm temperatures of about 20°C-25°C. Cold weather can result in stunted growth and even death, while extremely hot temperatures can cause wilting and drought stress.
Soil Requirements
Lathyrus sativus grows well in well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter and have a neutral pH of approximately 6.5-7.5. The plant cannot tolerate waterlogged soils, as it can lead to root rot and death. The soil should be moderately moist, and excessive dryness or wetness should be avoided. Adding compost or organic fertilizers before planting can enhance soil fertility, leading to better plant growth and development.
Cultivation methods for Lathyrus Sativus
When cultivating Lathyrus sativus, it is essential to note that it grows best in cool seasons. Therefore, it is advisable to plant it in early spring or fall to avoid extreme weather conditions. Growing Lathyrus sativus from seeds is the best method to adopt. Before planting, prepare the soil by incorporating rich compost. Ensure to sow the seeds 1 inch deep and space them 6 inches apart.
Watering needs for Lathyrus Sativus
Proper watering is crucial in the growth of Lathyrus sativus. As a legume, it requires consistent moisture, especially during the germination stage. After planting, water the seeds immediately, and continue to water them regularly. Water the plant in the morning to avoid moisture loss due to evaporation during the day. Ensure that the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.
Fertilization for Lathyrus Sativus
For optimal growth of Lathyrus sativus, it needs proper nutrition from fertilizers. After the seeds have germinated, apply a slow-release nitrogen-rich fertilizer to boost the plant's growth. Nitrogen is essential in the development of leaves and stems. Monitor the plants, and as they continue to grow taller, provide support with trellises, stakes, or any other structure you see fit. Side-dress the plant with a nitrogen-rich fertilizer at mid-season to ensure that it grows to maturity and produce a bountiful harvest.
Pruning for Lathyrus Sativus
Pruning is not a crucial practice when it comes to growing Lathyrus sativus. However, to encourage a more robust and healthier stem, snip off the tips of the shoots when the plant reaches 3-4 inches tall. This practice will encourage the plant to grow thicker, resulting in a sturdier stem that can hold up the weight of the blossoms. Harvesting Lathyrus sativus regularly will also encourage the plant to continue to produce blooms.
Propagation of Lathyrus sativus
Lathyrus sativus can be propagated through either direct sowing or transplanting seedlings. The plant is commonly known as the grass pea or the chickling vetch and is a popular legume crop in many parts of the world, primarily due to its high yield and nutritional value.
Direct Sowing
Direct sowing is the most common method of propagating Lathyrus sativus. It involves planting the seeds directly into the soil where the plant is intended to grow. For this method, the soil should be prepared by loosening it and removing any rocks or debris. The seeds should then be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm, and the soil should be watered moderately to keep it moist until germination occurs.
Direct sowing is typically done in the spring or summer when the weather is warm and the soil is more conducive to seed germination. Depending on the climate, direct sowing can lead to a yield as early as three months from planting.
Transplanting Seedlings
Another method of propagating Lathyrus sativus is by transplanting seedlings. This method is often used when the growing season is shorter or when the seeds need more time to develop before planting. Transplanting seedlings also allows for more control over the plant's growth and can improve the chances of a successful harvest.
For this method, the seeds are started indoors in pots or trays. Once the seedlings have reached a height of 3-4 inches and have at least two true leaves, they can be transplanted into the desired location. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged, and the seedlings should be planted at a depth of about 2-3 cm.
Transplanting seedlings should be done in the morning or evening when the sun is less harsh, and the plants are less stressed. Watering the seedlings after transplanting is crucial to ensure that the soil is moist and that the seedlings establish themselves in their new environment.
Disease and Pest Management for Lathyrus Sativus Plants
Lathyrus sativus plants are susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests that can damage the plants and reduce yields. Effective management practices can minimize the impact of these threats and ensure healthy growth and a productive harvest. Here are some common diseases and pests that affect these plants, along with strategies for managing them:
Diseases
Ascochyta Blight: This fungal disease affects the stems, leaves and pods of Lathyrus sativus plants. It is characterized by the appearance of irregular, oval-shaped lesions with reddish-brown margins. Ascochyta blight can cause significant yield losses if left unchecked. To manage this disease, practice crop rotation, remove infected plant debris from the field, and avoid wetting the foliage when watering. Apply fungicides preventatively before symptoms appear, and follow label instructions carefully to maximize efficacy.
Fusarium Wilt: This soil-borne disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. It attacks the roots of Lathyrus sativus plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and stunting. Fusarium wilt can persist in soil for many years, making it particularly challenging to manage. Plant certified disease-free seed, rotate crops, and avoid planting in fields with a history of the disease. Maintain good soil drainage and avoid overwatering. Fungicide treatments are generally not effective against Fusarium wilt.
Root Rot: This disease is caused by various soil-borne fungi, including Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp. It affects the roots of Lathyrus sativus plants, causing them to become dark, soft, and mushy. Infected plants may wilt, die, or produce reduced yields. To manage root rot, plant in well-drained soil, and avoid overwatering. Practice crop rotation and avoid planting in fields with a history of the disease. Apply fungicides preventatively before symptoms appear.
Pests
Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects feed on the sap of young Lathyrus sativus plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing, and distortion of leaves and shoots. Aphids can also transmit plant viruses. Use insecticidal soaps or neem oil to control aphids, or spray with a jet of water to knock them off the plants. Introduce natural predators, such as ladybugs or lacewings, to help control aphid populations.
Bean Leaf Beetle: This pest feeds on the leaves and pods of Lathyrus sativus plants, causing defoliation and yield losses. Adult beetles are approximately 1/4-inch long with a brown or red-orange body and four black spots on their back. Use insecticides or cultural control methods, such as planting early or late varieties to avoid peak beetle activity, to manage this pest. Hand-picking beetles from plants and destroying them can reduce populations.
Cutworms: These larvae of various moth species feed on the stems and leaves of Lathyrus sativus plants, cutting them off at the base and causing wilt and stunting. Apply insecticides or use cultural control methods, such as using sticky traps or planting in well-worked soil to discourage cutworms from laying eggs. Handpicking and destroying cutworms can help reduce infestations.
By implementing good disease and pest management practices, you can help ensure the health and productivity of your Lathyrus sativus plants, resulting in a bountiful harvest of delicious and nutritious peas.
