Overview
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is a perennial grass belonging to the Poaceae family. It is a tall grass with a long lifespan and is highly resistant to grazing.
Origin
The plant is native to Africa and is found in the grasslands of Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.
Common Names
The plant is commonly called "Wandale" in Swahili and "Arero" in the Borana language.
General Appearance
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps grows up to a height of 1-1.5 meters. It has a long stem with green leaves that are 30-60cm long and 0.5-1.2cm wide. The leaves are flat and hairy on the underside. The plant produces flower spikes that are 8-15cm long and 7-15mm wide. The flowers are arranged in clusters, and the spikelets are brownish in color.
Uses
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is used for grazing by domestic animals such as cows, goats, and sheep due to its high resistance to grazing. The plant also helps to prevent soil erosion as it has a deep root system that stabilizes the soil.
Light Requirements
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is a grass species that needs full sunlight exposure to develop and grow correctly. Therefore, planting in an open or exposed area where there is an abundant amount of sunlight is essential for the plant's optimal growth. Insufficient exposure to sunlight can lead to stunted growth and weak stems that are susceptible to other environmental factors such as pest infection.
Temperature Requirements
The plant is adaptable to different temperature zones, although it grows well in warm climatic regions. Growth can be inhibited if the temperature falls below 15°C. The ideal temperature range for the plant's growth and development is between 20°C and 35°C. Temperature fluctuations can cause stress and harm to the plant. In addition, it is advisable to avoid low-lying areas as they are prone to frost and waterlogging, which can affect plant growth.
Soil Requirements
The plant can grow on different types of soils, from loamy to sandy soils. However, well-drained soils with good organic content and a pH range of 6.5 - 7.5 are ideal for growing Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps. Heavy clay soils that retain excess water should be avoided because they cause waterlogging and root rot, leading to the death of the plant. In addition, adequate soil preparation, including soil loosening, is essential before planting to promote healthy root development and overall plant growth.
Cultivation methods
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is a grass species that is primarily grown as an ornamental plant. It is highly tolerant of drought and heat and can thrive in poor, well-drained soils. For optimal growth, the plant requires full sun exposure and moderate temperatures, ideally ranging from 20°C to 30°C. Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps can be propagated through seed sowing, division of the rootball, or through cuttings taken in late spring or early autumn.
Watering needs
This plant species is highly resistant to drought. However, regular watering during the growing season contributes to healthy growth and flowering. To prevent waterlogging, reduce the frequency of watering during the rainy season. The water should be directed to the base of the plant to avoid wetting the leaves and to reduce the risk of fungal infections.
Fertilization
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is not particularly demanding in terms of fertilization. However, to encourage healthy growth and a profusion of flowers, a light application of nitrogen-rich fertilizer in spring can be beneficial. A low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus formula is ideal, particularly when the plant is in its flowering stage.
Pruning
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps is a relatively low-maintenance plant that requires minimal pruning. However, to maintain a neat appearance and encourage flowering, it is advisable to cut back the plant to about 1/3 of its size in early spring. The cut stems should be removed entirely from the plant and disposed of, away from the growing area. Dead or damaged leaves and stems can be removed at any time during the growing season.
Propagation of Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps
Hyparrhenia parvispiculata Bamps, commonly known as Hageen sab, is a perennial grass native to Eastern Africa. Propagation of H. parvispiculata can be done by both sexual and asexual means.
Propagation by seeds
Seeds are the most common and efficient way of propagating H. parvispiculata. The seeds production of this plant is abundant. The seeds germinate best in warm temperature between 25-35°C. Seeds can be sown in trays or directly onto the soil. The recommended soil mix should be well-draining and fertile.
It is recommended to pre-treat the seeds with gibberellic acid to enhance germination rates. Soak the seeds in water and then place them in a gibberellic solution for 24-48 hours before planting.
Propagation by division
Propagation of H. parvispiculata by division is best done during the growing season, which is typically between the months of February and September.
Choose a healthy and well-established plant and dig it out carefully. Divide the plant gently using a sharp, sterilized knife, making sure each division has a sufficient number of roots and foliage. Then replant the divisions into well-draining and fertile soil.
Disease Management
Several diseases can affect Hyparrhenia parvispiculata. Leaf spot is a common fungal disease that causes spots on the leaves and stems of the plant, which eventually turn yellow and fall off. To manage this condition, remove and destroy infected plant parts and provide adequate air circulation by spacing plants properly. Fungal diseases may also be prevented by watering at the base of the plant early in the day, using sterilized soil and avoiding overwatering.
Another prevalent disease affecting Hyparrhenia parvispiculata is smut, which causes black powdery spores on the plant's inflorescence. The infected parts should be removed and destroyed immediately, and preventive measures should be taken to control smut. Providing adequate ventilation and avoiding overhead watering is effective in managing this disease.
Pest management
Pests such as the African sugarcane borer, stalk borer, and stem borers are known to infest Hyparrhenia parvispiculata and can cause severe damage. Planting resistant cultivars is a natural control method for most of these borers. However, for severe contamination, pesticide application may be necessary. Before using pesticides, carefully read and follow the manufacturer's instructions, and choose pesticides that are labeled for use on Hyparrhenia parvispiculata.
Grasshoppers, locusts, and armyworms are common pests that can affect this grass species. These insects chew on the plant's leaves and can cause massive defoliation. Handpicking of large insects can be an effective management strategy. Beneficial insects such as ladybugs and praying mantis feed on these pests and can help control the populations. Pesticides should be used only when the infestations are severe and other control measures are ineffective.
