Origin
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler is a hybrid plant that is the result of crossing Gymnocarpium disjunctum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. It is believed to have originated in North America, specifically in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada.
Common Names
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is commonly referred to as Britton's oak fern or Britton's oakleaf fern. It may also be known as the hybrid oak fern.
Uses
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is primarily used as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes. It is known for its delicate and attractive fronds, which have a distinctive triangular shape and are a light green color. The plant prefers shady, moist areas and is often used in woodland gardens or as a ground cover in damp areas.
General Appearance
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is a small fern, typically growing to a maximum height of around 12 inches. The fronds are lance-shaped and triangular, with finely divided segments that give them an airy and delicate appearance. The fronds emerge in early spring and remain attractive throughout the growing season, turning a yellowish-brown color in the fall. The plant is deciduous and dies back to the ground in the winter.
Light Requirements
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is a shade-loving plant and prefers partial to full shade for optimal growth. Too much direct sunlight can scorch the leaves and stunt the growth of the plant. Therefore, it should be grown in areas with low to moderate light intensity, including shaded woodlands, forests, and near streams or rivers with tall trees that provide filtered sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
The plant prefers a cool and moist environment that mimics forested areas with a temperature range of 60-70°F (15.5-21°C). It is adapted to cold regions and can tolerate frost in colder climates. However, it cannot tolerate high temperatures, and prolonged exposure to temperatures exceeding 80°F (26.5°C) can be fatal to the plant. Therefore, it is best to keep the plant in a cool environment with a well-controlled temperature.
Soil Requirements
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum thrives in a well-drained and nutrient-rich soil that is moist and slightly acidic with a pH range of 5.5-6.5. The soil should also be humus-rich, with high organic matter content to retain moisture and provide necessary nutrients to the plant. The plant prefers soils with good water-holding capacity, such as sandy loam, and thrives in areas with high humidity and moderate soil moisture. Therefore, it's best to use a well-draining potting mix with adequate organic matter, such as peat moss, to ensure optimal growth and prevent root rot.
Cultivation
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is an easy plant to grow and care for, making it perfect for both novice and experienced gardeners. It can thrive in many conditions, including full sun or partial shade and moist or dry soil.
When planting Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum, choose a location with well-draining soil and enough space for the plant to spread. You may accompany it with other ferns to create an attractive foliage display.
Watering Needs
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum prefers consistently moist soil. You must water it regularly, especially during the hot and dry season. It is best to water deeply once or twice a week to ensure that the water reaches the roots. However, it is crucial to avoid over watering because it may lead to root rot.
Fertilization
Fertilizing Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum will encourage healthy growth. You may use a slow-release fertilizer in the spring or summer. Do not overfeed the plant, as this may cause excessive growth with thin and weak leaves, making it more susceptible to disease and pests.
Pruning
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum does not require extensive pruning as it grows to a manageable size. However, removing any dead or damaged fronds will enhance the plant's appearance and promote its health. Additionally, you may cut back the entire plant in late fall or early winter to keep it tidy and prepare it for the next growing season.
Propagation of Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler is a sterile hybrid resulting from crosses between lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina) and mountain fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris). Consequently, propagation of Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum can only be achieved through vegetative means. The most effective methods for propagating this plant are division and spore propagation.
Division
Division of Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is a quick and easy method of propagation. It involves dividing the plant into smaller sections, each containing a portion of the rhizome. The best time to divide the plant is in early spring before new growth appears. Dig up the clump of ferns and use a sharp knife or spade to divide it into sections. Each section should have at least one growing tip and a portion of the rhizome. Replant the sections in well-drained soil and keep them moist until new growth appears.
Spore Propagation
Spore propagation involves collecting spores from the fronds of the plant and growing them into new ferns. This method is more time-consuming than division but is also more rewarding. Collect the spores in mid to late summer when they are ripe. Place a frond in a plastic bag and allow it to dry for several days to release the spores. Sow the spores on the surface of a moist sterile medium such as peat moss and keep them at a temperature of approximately 70°F. Keep the soil moist and the spores should germinate within four to eight weeks. Once the young ferns have grown to a size large enough to handle, transfer them to individual pots and grow them on until they are large enough to be planted outside.
Disease Management
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler is generally a healthy plant and is not susceptible to many diseases. However, in certain conditions, a few diseases can affect the plant.
The most common disease that affects Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is fungal leaf spots. The disease is characterized by small, dark spots on the leaves, which can spread and merge, leading to the death of the affected leaf. To manage fungal leaf spots, it is essential to provide adequate spacing between the plants to promote good air circulation and avoid watering the plant from above. Fungicides can also help control the disease if it is severe.
Another disease that can affect Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is powdery mildew. The disease is characterized by white, powdery patches on the leaves and other plant parts. To control the disease, the affected parts should be removed and destroyed. Fungicides can also help manage the disease if it is severe. Proper plant spacing and ventilation can prevent the occurrence of powdery mildew.
Pest Management
Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is not generally prone to significant pest problems. However, a few pests can occasionally attack the plant.
One of the most common pests that can affect Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is the slug. Slugs can eat through the leaves of the plant and cause extensive damage. To manage slugs, it is essential to remove hiding places and reduce moisture around the plant. Physical barriers such as copper tape can also be used to prevent slugs from reaching the plant.
Another pest that can affect Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum is the mite. Mites are tiny pests that suck the sap from the leaves of the plant, causing them to turn yellow and brown. To manage mites, it is crucial to maintain good hygiene and prevent the spread of the pest by removing infected plants. Predatory mites can also be introduced to control the spread of the pest.
