Introduction
Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. is a species of lichenized fungi that belongs to the family Graphidaceae. It is commonly known as the "Bearded Photobiont," which refers to the fungus's bushy appearance.
Origin and distribution
The Graphina subvirginalis lichen is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. It can commonly be found in old-growth forests with high humidity and low light.
Appearance
The lichen individuals of Graphina subvirginalis form small tufted clusters that are loosely attached to bark or other substrates. The bushy aspect of the lichen's body is formed by the dense mass of the gray-greenish foliose thallus. The lower surface of the lichen is black, usually smooth, and has black rhizines.
Uses
Graphina subvirginalis is not known to have any significant commercial or medicinal uses. Nevertheless, various species of the genus Graphina have been known to produce secondary metabolites with biological activities that can potentially be used for therapeutics in the future. The lichen also plays an essential role in the forest ecosystem by providing a habitat and food sources for diverse groups of invertebrates and other organisms.
Light Requirements
Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. is a lichen species that prefers to grow in shaded areas such as the understory of trees. It is tolerant of low light levels and can survive in areas receiving less than 50% of direct sunlight. However, it can also grow in slightly brighter conditions although it may be stunted and not reach its full growth potential
Temperature Requirements
The optimal temperature range for growth of Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. is between 15°C and 25°C. It is well adapted to temperate climates and can survive in a range of temperatures from 5°C to 30°C. However, it is not tolerant of extreme heat or cold and may die if exposed to temperatures above 35°C or below 0°C for a prolonged period
Soil Requirements
Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. is not a typical plant species and can grow on a variety of substrates. It is a lichen, thus it does not require a nutrient-rich or moist soil. Instead, it requires a suitable substrate to anchor and grow on. It can grow on surfaces such as tree trunks, rocks, and even building walls. The substrate must be stable, non-acidic and not water-logged. Excessively acidic or alkaline soils can inhibit its growth and may cause its death
Cultivation Methods for Graphina Subvirginalis
Graphina subvirginalis is an epiphytic and lichenized plant that can grow on rocks, trees, and shrubs. It is best to cultivate this plant in a greenhouse or terrarium, which can provide the necessary stable environmental conditions. For optimal growth, attach it to tree trunks or rocks using a non-toxic glue or wire.
Watering Needs for Graphina Subvirginalis
This plant requires moist and humid environments to grow and thrive. Water the plant regularly, but avoid overwatering, which can result in root rot. It is recommended to use distilled or rainwater when watering this plant since it is sensitive to chemicals and minerals that can be found in tap water.
Fertilization of Graphina Subvirginalis
Graphina subvirginalis does not require any fertilizer. It derives its nutrients from the air with the help of its lichen symbionts. However, if you notice poor growth or yellowing of the leaves, you can supplement with a weak solution of orchid fertilizer. Only use fertilizers that are free of ammonia, urea, and other compounds that can be harmful to this plant.
Pruning Graphina Subvirginalis
Since it is a lichenized plant, Graphina subvirginalis does not require pruning. Avoid touching or disturbing the lichen thallus, as this can damage the plant and affect its growth. Removing any dead or damaged branches can help create more favorable conditions for the plant's growth.
Propagation of Graphina subvirginalis
The propagation of Graphina subvirginalis involves the use of its reproductive structures, which are known to be soredia. These are small, powdery propagules that detach from the thallus and disperse through the air to colonize new substrates.
Soredia Formation
The soredia of Graphina subvirginalis are produced asexually through the fragmentation of the thallus. They typically form on the upper surface of the thallus in round to elongate agglomerations. Soredia contain both fungal hyphae and algal cells, which allows them to develop into functional lichens upon landing on suitable substrates.
Dispersal of Soredia
Once soredia are formed, they can be dispersed through various means, including wind, rain, or physical contact. The lightweight nature of soredia allows them to be easily carried by the wind, which may result in long-distance dispersal. However, soredia can also be dispersed through local means, such as falling onto adjacent substrates or being transported by animals.
Colonization and Establishment
Once soredia land on a suitable substrate, they will potentially grow into new lichens. It requires close and permanent contact between the algal component and the substrate since the fungal components need the energy provided by the photosynthesis of the algae to survive and reproduce. With the optimal conditions for the lichen's survival and growth, soredia can establish themselves and gradually develop into a mature thallus.
Disease Management
Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. can be affected by various diseases, such as:
- Anthracnose: This disease shows up as large, brown spots on leaves and stems. Fungicides can be used to control it.
- Leaf spot: This disease appears as small, circular spots on leaves that grow larger with time. It can be controlled by removing infected material and disposing of it, practicing good sanitation, and using fungicides.
- Blight: This disease leads to wilting and leaf death. Fungicides can also effectively manage this disease.
Pest Management
Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Mull. Arg. is also susceptible to attack by some pests. Common pests that affect this plant include:
- Aphids: These tiny insects feed on the sap of the plant and can cause the leaves to curl. They can be controlled by using insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Spider mites: These pests cause the leaves to yellow and develop black spots. They can be controlled by spraying the plant with water or using insecticidal soap.
- Caterpillars: Caterpillars feed on the leaves of the plant, leaving ragged holes. They can be picked off by hand or controlled with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis).
Regularly inspecting the plant and promptly addressing any signs of disease or pests can minimize damage and prevent the spread of these problems to other plants.
