Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg. - Description, Uses, and Appearance
Graphina acharii, also known as Green Star Lichen or Jungle Graphina, is a foliose lichen that belongs to the family Graphidaceae. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions such as India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
The lichen is commonly used in the traditional medicine of various cultures for the treatment of various ailments including liver diseases, fever, and digestive problems. Some also use it as a natural dye for fabrics and textiles. The lichen has also been studied for its potential use as a bio-indicator of air pollution in urban areas.
The general appearance of Graphina acharii is that of a flattened, leafy structure that can vary in color from light green to dark olive, depending on the location and environmental conditions. The lichen typically grows in large clusters on bark or rocks, and can be up to several centimeters in diameter.
The thallus, which refers to the vegetative part of the lichen, is foliose and composed of numerous lobes that are irregularly ‘fingered’. These lobes can range in size and shape and are typically 2-5 mm wide. The upper surface of the thallus is smooth and shiny while the lower surface is attached to the substratum.
Reproduction in Graphina acharii occurs through the production of small, rounded or oblong shaped apothecia which vary in color from orange yellow to blackish brown. These apothecia contain asci, which are sacs containing the spores that give rise to a new generation of lichen.
Overall, Graphina acharii is a fascinating and unique lichen that has potential uses in traditional medicine and environmental monitoring. Its distinctive appearance and properties make it an interesting subject for further study and exploration.
Growth Conditions for Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg.
Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg. is a photoautotrophic lichen found in tropical and subtropical regions. It predominantly grows on trees, rocks, and bark surfaces. The ideal growth conditions for Graphina acharii include the following:
Light
Graphina acharii requires moderate to high light intensity for optimum growth. However, direct exposure to bright sunlight should be avoided as it may cause damage to the thalli. It is usually found growing in well-lit areas with sufficient shade to protect it from intense sunlight.
Temperature
The ideal temperature range for the growth of Graphina acharii is between 18°C to 25°C. It can tolerate moderately high temperatures but cannot survive extreme heat. Therefore, it is usually found in regions with mild temperatures or in shaded areas that provide a cooler environment.
Soil
Graphina acharii is an epiphytic lichen and does not require soil for growth. It attaches itself to the surface of trees, rocks, and barks. However, it does require a suitable substrate where it can attach itself and continue to grow. Tree trunks, rocks, and barks that have rough surfaces are preferred substrates for Graphina acharii.
In conclusion, Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg. is a tropical and subtropical lichen that requires moderate to high light intensity, a temperature range of 18°C to 25°C, and a suitable substrate such as tree trunks, rocks, and barks to attach itself and continue growing.
Cultivation Methods for Graphina acharii
Graphina acharii is typically grown as an epiphyte or a terrestrial plant. Cultivating this plant may involve growing it on a surface such as a rock, bark, or twig, or planting it in a soil mix. When planting it in a soil mix, ensure to use a well-draining and nutritious substrate such as sphagnum moss.
Watering Needs for Graphina acharii
Water this plant regularly but avoid overwatering as it may result in root rot. The frequency of watering will depend on the type of cultivation method used, humidity levels and temperature of its environment. Check for soil moisture and water when the top layer of the soil feels dry. If growing it as an epiphyte, mist the plant regularly to maintain humidity levels.
Fertilization of Graphina acharii
Graphina acharii requires regular fertilization to thrive. Use a balanced fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 and apply it once a month during the growing season. The amount of fertilizer to use will depend on the size of the plant and the substrate used. Mix the fertilizer with water and use it to water the plant or spray it on its leaves.
Pruning Graphina acharii
Graphina acharii does not require pruning as it grows slowly. However, it may need occasional trimming to remove any dead, diseased, or damaged parts. Use clean and sharp scissors to make precise cuts and avoid causing more damage to the plant. Regularly remove any debris and fallen leaves from around the plant to prevent the spread of diseases or pests.
Propagation of Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg.
Graphina acharii can be propagated through three methods: vegetative propagation, spore propagation, and fragmentation propagation.
Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative propagation involves taking a part of an existing plant and growing a new plant from it. In Graphina acharii, this can be done by taking a small piece of the thallus and transplanting it onto a new substrate. Before transplanting, the thallus should be cleaned and disinfected to prevent the spread of diseases. The plant should then be kept in a warm and humid environment to encourage growth.
Spore Propagation
Spore propagation is the process of growing a new plant from its spores. In Graphina acharii, spores are produced in small, black, disc-shaped structures called apothecia. The spores can be collected and sown onto a new substrate, such as moist soil or agar. The area should be kept humid and at a temperature range of 15-25°C to encourage germination and growth of the spores.
Fragmentation Propagation
Fragmentation propagation involves taking a part of the plant and growing a new plant from it. In Graphina acharii, this can be done by breaking off a small piece of the thallus and transplanting it onto a new substrate. The plant should be kept in a warm and humid environment to encourage growth. This method can only be used if the plant has the ability to regenerate from fragments.
Disease and Pest Management for Graphina acharii
Graphina acharii (Fee) Mull. Arg. is commonly known as black stone flower or Kalpasi. It is a lichen species that is used as a spice in many cuisines. However, it is also prone to various diseases and pests that can affect its growth and productivity. Proper management of these diseases and pests is necessary to ensure a healthy crop.
Common Diseases
1. Lichen Spot: Lichen spot is a common disease that affects the Graphina acharii plant. It presents as circular to oval spots on the leaves that are whitish-grey or yellowish-brown in color. This disease is caused by the fungus, Phyllosticta graphinae. The management of lichen spot involves the removal of the infected plant parts and the use of fungicides like copper oxychloride or carbendazim.
2. Leaf Blight: Another disease that affects Graphina acharii is leaf blight. It is caused by the fungus, Alternaria tenuissima. The symptoms include the appearance of small circular lesions on the leaves, which later enlarge and turn brown. The management of leaf blight involves the use of fungicides like mancozeb or tebuconazole.
Common Pests
1. Mealybugs: Mealybugs are common pests that attack the Graphina acharii plant. These pests suck the sap from the plant, causing stunted growth and curling of leaves. The management of mealybugs involves the use of insecticides like imidacloprid or acephate.
2. Spider Mites: Spider mites are another common pest that affects Graphina acharii, especially during dry conditions. These pests suck the sap from the plant, causing yellowing and drying of leaves. The management of spider mites involves the use of acaricides like dicofol or abamectin.
Overall, the key to managing diseases and pests in Graphina acharii is to maintain proper plant hygiene, pruning, and the timely use of appropriate fungicides and insecticides. This will help to reduce the spread of diseases and pests, allowing for healthy and productive growth of the plant.
