Origin and Common Names
Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg, commonly known as Kapua or kapuka, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. This plant is native to Hawaii, where it is found on the islands of Kaua’i, Ni’ihau, and O‘ahu.
Appearance
Kapua is a small tree or shrub that can grow up to 10 feet tall. It has alternate leaves that are pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets that are oval in shape, glossy, and dark green. The flowers are small and bright red, and they bloom in clusters at the ends of the branches. The fruit is a pod that is 4-5 inches long, densely covered in long red hairs.
Uses
The leaves of kapua were traditionally used by Hawaiians as a medicine for stomach ailments. The wood of the tree was also used for carving bowls, utensils, and other household items. Today, kapua is primarily used as an ornamental plant in landscaping due to its attractive foliage and flowers.
Light requirements
Gouldia terminalis var. kapuaensis is a shade-loving plant that thrives in low to medium light conditions. It requires protection from direct sunlight, especially in the afternoon, as excessive heat and light can scorch the leaves and stems. Therefore, it is advisable to grow this plant in a location that receives bright, indirect light or partial shade. If grown indoors, place it in a bright room with east or west-facing windows.
Temperature requirements
This plant prefers a warm environment with temperatures ranging from 65°F to 80°F (18°C to 27°C). It cannot tolerate extreme cold or frost, so it is essential to protect it from freezing temperatures. During the winter months, it is advisable to keep the plant in a warmer location and away from any cold drafts. Moreover, it can be grown in USDA hardiness zones 10 to 12.
Soil requirements
Gouldia terminalis var. kapuaensis prefers well-draining and nutrient-rich soil that is slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0-7.0). The soil should be loose and airy to allow proper aeration and drainage. The ideal soil mix should incorporate equal parts of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite. It is also beneficial to add organic matter such as compost to enhance the soil's fertility. Additionally, this plant can grow in various soil types, including loam, clay, and sandy soils, as long as they meet the above requirements.
Cultivation Methods
Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg is best grown in a sandy, well-draining soil medium. This plant prefers full sunlight to partial shade, so it should be positioned in an area where it can receive at least six hours of direct sunlight per day. Planting should be done in the spring when temperatures are consistently above 50°F.
To grow this plant from seeds, plant the seeds about 1/2 inch deep in the soil medium and keep the soil moist until the seeds germinate. Once it has sprouted, continue to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged, as overwatering can cause root rot. With proper care, Gouldia terminalis can grow to be a small tree, reaching a height of up to 10-15 feet.
Watering Needs
Gouldia terminalis requires moderate watering, with the soil being kept moist but not waterlogged. In general, it is better to underwater this plant rather than overwater it, as overwatering can lead to damaged roots and a stunted plant. During the summer months, it may require more water due to increased evaporation rates, but be careful not to overwater. In the winter, reduce watering to every 2-3 weeks.
Fertilization
This plant does not require regular fertilization, but it can benefit from a light application of fertilizer in the spring as new growth begins. Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer and follow the package instructions for application rates. Avoid fertilizing in the fall and winter months, as the plant becomes dormant during this time.
Pruning
Pruning is not typically necessary for Gouldia terminalis, but if it becomes necessary, it should be done in the fall or winter when the plant is dormant. Prune back any damaged or dead branches, and remove any crossing branches or branches that are growing in the wrong direction. Be careful not to over-prune, as Gouldia terminalis is a slow-growing plant and can take several years to recover from severe pruning.
Propagation of Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg
Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg, commonly known as ?Ihi, is a small shrub or tree native to Hawaii. The plant is propagated by several methods, including seed propagation, stem cuttings, and root cuttings.
Seed Propagation
Propagation by seed is the easiest and most common method. The seeds should be collected when they are ripe, usually in early fall. They should be cleaned, dried, and stored in a cool, dry place until planting time. The seeds should be planted in well-draining soil and kept moist until they germinate, which usually takes 2-4 weeks. Seed propagation is the preferred method for producing large quantities of plants.
Stem Cuttings
Propagation by stem cuttings is another popular method. Stem cuttings should be taken in late spring or early summer, when the plant is actively growing. Cuttings should be 4-6 inches long and include at least one node. Remove the leaves from the bottom half of the cutting and plant in well-draining soil. The cuttings should be kept moist and placed in a bright, indirect light until they develop roots, which usually takes 4-6 weeks.
Root Cuttings
Propagation by root cuttings is a less common method. The plant should be dug up in the fall when it is dormant. Cut the roots into 1-2 inch sections and plant in well-draining soil. The cuttings should be kept moist and placed in a bright, indirect light until they develop roots, which usually takes 4-6 weeks.
Regardless of the propagation method used, the young plants should be transplanted into individual pots once they have developed a strong root system. After the plants have become established, they can be planted in their permanent location.
Disease and Pest Management for Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg
Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg, commonly known as Ohe, is a species of flowering shrub that is native to Hawaii. While Ohe is generally a hardy plant, it is not immune to diseases and pest infestations. Here are some common diseases and pests that can affect Ohe and ways to manage them.
Diseases
Fungal Leaf Spot: This is a common fungal disease that can cause small, circular spots to form on the leaves of Ohe. These spots can merge, turning the affected leaves yellow and eventually causing them to drop prematurely. To manage this disease, remove infected plant debris and make sure there is adequate air circulation around the plant to prevent the growth and spread of the fungus. Fungicides can also be used to control severe cases of fungal leaf spot.
Bacterial Wilt: This is a serious bacterial disease that can cause yellowing, wilting, and eventual death of the plant. It is spread through contaminated soil or water and can be difficult to manage once established. To prevent bacterial wilt, avoid overwatering and use clean tools and pots when planting. Infected plants should be removed immediately to prevent further spread of the disease. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for bacterial wilt once a plant is infected.
Pests
Mealybugs: Mealybugs are small, white, cotton-like insects that can infest the stems and leaves of Ohe. They feed on the sap of the plant, causing wilting and stunted growth. To manage mealybugs, gently remove them from the plant using a cotton swab or cloth soaked in rubbing alcohol. Insecticidal soap can also be used to control severe infestations.
Aphids: Tiny, pear-shaped insects that can be green, yellow, or black, aphids can cause curled leaves, stunted growth, and yellowing of affected plants. To manage aphids, spray the affected plant with a strong stream of water to knock them off the plant, or release natural predators such as ladybugs or lacewings. Insecticidal soap is also an effective treatment for severe aphid infestations.
Caterpillars: Caterpillars can cause extensive damage to Ohe by feeding on the leaves, stems, and flowers. They can be controlled by handpicking them off the plant or using natural predators such as birds or parasitic wasps. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) is also an effective treatment for severe caterpillar infestations.
By identifying and managing diseases and pests in a timely manner, you can help prevent damage and ensure the health and well-being of your Gouldia terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hbd. var. kapuaensis Fosberg plant.
