Overview
Erythrina excelsa Baker, also known as the coral tree, is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family. The species is indigenous to the tropical rainforests of South America, but it is now found in various countries. The tree's natural habitat is in the Atlantic rainforest, where it forms an essential component of the ecosystem.
Description
The Erythrina excelsa Baker tree can reach a height of up to 30 meters and has a trunk diameter of 60–80 cm. The bark of the coral tree is gray-brown and contains many fissures. The leaves, which grow in clusters, are deciduous and consist of three leaflets that are eight centimeters long and six centimeters wide. Erythrina excelsa Baker blooms from September to December, producing bright red flowers that grow in clusters on long stalks. The tree produces seed pods that contain the seeds.
Common Names
The tree is commonly known as coral tree, cockspur coral tree, porcelain coral tree, or fireman's cap in various countries. In Brazil, it is known as Mulungu and used in traditional medicine.
Uses
Erythrina excelsa Baker is a valuable timber tree that is widely used for furniture, construction, and for making pulp and paper. It also has a range of medicinal uses. The tree has sedative properties and is used to treat insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness. Other traditional uses of the tree's bark include the treatment of fever, inflammation, and pain. The seeds are used in the cosmetic industry to make natural soaps and moisturizing creams.
The coral tree also has significant ecological uses. Its flowers and seeds provide an abundant food source for a range of birds and mammals. The tree is an important nitrogen-fixer, helping to enrich the soil in its natural habitat.
In conclusion, the Erythrina excelsa Baker tree is a versatile, economically, and ecologically valuable species. Its diverse uses and cultural significance make it an important botanical resource in various regions.Light Requirements
Erythrina excelsa Baker, commonly known as the coral tree or Cry-baby tree, thrives in a sunny location, with full sun exposure recommended for optimal growth. The tree grows well in areas where there is a good amount of ambient light, with at least 6 hours of direct sunlight required each day. In shaded areas, the tree may not produce flowers and fruits as it should.
Temperature Requirements
The Coral tree prefers a tropical or subtropical climate, but it can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, including mild frosts. The tree grows best in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C during the day and 15°C to 20°C at night. When temperatures go below 10°C, the tree may experience winter damage and could die. On the other hand, it can tolerate extreme heat as long as it is well watered to prevent dehydration.
Soil Requirements
The tree can grow in various types of soils, but it prefers well-drained, loose, and fertile soil. Erythrina excelsa grows best in slightly acidic soils, with a pH of about 6.0 to 6.5. The tree requires good drainage and can tolerate drought. However, the tree doesn't tolerate salinity or waterlogged soils, which can cause root rot and kill the tree. Adding organic matter to the soil enhances its fertility and improves the soil structure, providing all the nutrients that the tree needs for growth and optimum yield.
Cultivation
Erythrina excelsa Baker, commonly known as tambookie tree or kaffirboom, is a deciduous tree native to South Africa. It is relatively easy to cultivate, and it prefers warm and humid climates. The plant can grow up to 15 m tall and up to 10 m wide when fully mature.
The best time to plant the tambookie tree is in early spring, before the onset of the growing season. The plant prefers well-drained soil and full sun exposure, but it can tolerate partial shade. Plant the tree at least 10 meters apart from other trees or structures to allow proper growth and development.
Watering Needs
Erythrina excelsa Baker requires regular watering, especially during the growing season. Water the plant deeply and thoroughly, but avoid overwatering or leaving standing water around the roots. The tree can tolerate periods of drought, but it grows best with adequate moisture.
Fertilization
Provide the tambookie tree with a balanced fertilizer during the growing season to promote healthy growth and development. Use a slow-release fertilizer and apply it according to the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid over-fertilizing or applying fertilizer too close to the trunk, as it can damage the tree.
Pruning
Prune the tambookie tree in late winter or early spring to remove any dead or damaged branches. Also, remove any crossing or rubbing branches to prevent damage and improve the tree's overall structure. Avoid pruning too much of the canopy, as it can affect the tree's growth and flowering.
Propagation of Erythrina excelsa Baker
Erythrina excelsa Baker, also known as the coral tree or swamp immortelle, is a species of flowering tree native to Central and South America. Propagation of this tree can be done through various methods, including seeds, stem cuttings, and grafting.
Seed Propagation
Propagation through seeds is the most common method for Erythrina excelsa Baker. The seeds require scarification, a process in which the hard seed coat is broken down to allow moisture and oxygen to enter. This can be done by nicking the seed with a knife or sanding the seed coat lightly. Soaking the seeds in water for 24 hours can aid in the scarification process. After scarification, the seeds should be sown in well-draining soil and kept moist until germination occurs. Germination can take anywhere from two to six weeks. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle, they can be transplanted into larger containers or directly into the ground.
Stem Cutting Propagation
Propagation through stem cuttings is another viable method for Erythrina excelsa Baker. The cuttings should be taken from healthy, disease-free branches and should be about six inches long. The bottom of the cutting should be dipped in rooting hormone to encourage root growth. The cutting should be planted in a well-draining soil mix and kept moist until roots form. This process can take four to six weeks. Once the cutting has developed roots, it can be transplanted into a larger container or directly into the ground.
Grafting
Grafting is a more advanced method of propagation and is typically reserved for experienced growers. Erythrina excelsa Baker can be grafted onto rootstock from a related species, such as Erythrina variegata. This method can produce trees that are more vigorous and disease-resistant than those grown from seeds or cuttings.
Disease and Pest Management for Erythrina excelsa Baker
Erythrina excelsa Baker, also known as the coral tree, is an ornamental tree with beautiful red flowers. However, like all plants, it is vulnerable to diseases and pests. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and ways to manage them.
Diseases
One common disease that affects coral trees is powdery mildew. Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery substance on the leaves and stems of the plant. To manage this disease, try to keep the plant well-ventilated and avoid overhead watering. Remove affected leaves and treat the remaining plant with a fungicide as necessary.
Another disease that can affect Erythrina excelsa Baker is rust. Rust appears as small, orange-brown pustules on the underside of leaves. To manage this disease, remove and dispose of any infected leaves and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides may also be applied to help manage the disease.
Pests
One pest that can affect coral trees is the Erythrina gall wasp. This pest creates small, round galls on the stems and leaves. To manage this pest, prune and dispose of any affected plant material. Insecticides may also be applied to help manage the pest.
Another pest that can be problematic is the coral tree root borer. This pest eats the roots of the plant, which can cause the tree to become unstable and eventually die. To manage this pest, avoid planting in areas where it is known to be a problem, and consider using nematodes or other biological controls.
Overall, maintaining good plant health through proper watering, fertilization, and pruning can go a long way in preventing and managing diseases and pests on Erythrina excelsa Baker.
