Overview
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. is a legume plant that is found in Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is commonly known as Sea Heart, Matchbox Bean, or Monkey ladder. The plant has various uses in traditional medicine and is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its striking appearance.
Appearance
The plant usually grows up to 30 meters in height with a trunk that can measure up to 1 meter in diameter. Its leaves are pinnate and measure up to 60 cm in length comprising of 20 to 30 leaflets. The flowers are small, ranging from white to greenish-yellow and grow on long stalks that can measure up to 30 cm. The plant's fruit is a large woody pod that can grow up to 1 meter in length and 20 cm in width with a characteristic heart shape, which makes it distinct from other legume plants. Each pod contains about 30 to 40 seeds
Uses
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. has been used for medicinal purposes by traditional practitioners in different parts of the world. Its bark, roots, leaves have proven to have therapeutic properties used to cure diseases and infections. The seeds of the plant are used for carving artifacts, symbolizing good luck, and as an ornamental plant for beautification purposes. The pods are also used as containers for storing water, hence the name “Sea Heart."
Additionally, in the areas where the plant is found, indigenous people use the pod to produce a dye used to color clothes, fishing nets, and baskets. The plant is also used in rehabilitation and restoration efforts in areas where mining or deforestation activities have occurred as it has been observed to enable regeneration of the soil, subsequently restoring the entire ecosystem.
Light Requirements
Entada phaseoloides typically thrives in full sunlight to partial shade environments. The plant requires a good amount of sunlight for healthy growth and must receive at least six hours of direct sunlight each day. An insufficient amount of sunlight can lead to development problems, reduced growth, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. The amount of light received also affects the leaf coloration and overall plant size.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can grow in several temperature conditions, ranging from tropical to subtropical climates. The optimal temperature range for Entada phaseoloides is 25°C to 35°C, and the minimum temperature is 5°C. If the plant is subjected to temperatures below 5°C for extended periods, it may cause leaf drop, stunted growth, and even death. On the other hand, the plant may also face heat stress and damage if exposed to temperatures above 35°C for long periods.
Soil Requirements
Entada phaseoloides can grow in a range of soils. However, it prefers well-draining sandy soils, loamy soils, or soils with high organic matter. The optimal soil pH range is between 6.0 and 7.5. The plant can tolerate acidic soils, but soil alkalinity levels above 7.5 can stunt growth and lead to nutrient deficiencies. Proper soil preparation is crucial to ensure adequate drainage and aeration. Additionally, regular fertilization can provide necessary micronutrients and enhance plant growth.
Cultivation Methods for Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. requires a well-drained soil and can grow well under both full sun and partial shade. The plant can be propagated through seeds or cuttings. The seeds should be soaked in water for 24-48 hours before sowing in the soil. The cuttings should be taken from the mature plant and rooted in a suitable growth medium.
Watering Needs for Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.
The plant requires regular watering, particularly during the dry season or drought conditions. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Over-watering can lead to root rot, which can kill the plant. The soil should never dry out as the plant cannot tolerate water stress.
Fertilization of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.
The plant requires moderate fertilization to support its growth and development. Apply organic fertilizer, such as well-decomposed manure, during the planting stage. You can also use balanced chemical fertilizer after the first few months of growth. Avoid applying too much fertilizer as that can lead to excessive vegetative growth with fewer flowers or fruits.
Pruning of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. typically does not require much pruning. However, you can prune it to maintain its shape and reduce legginess. Cut back the excessive growth or dead branches to stimulate new vigorous shoots. Prune during the spring to avoid the plant's damage during the colder months.
Propagation Methods of Entada phaseoloides
Entada phaseoloides is commonly known as the St. Thomas bean or sea heart. It is a perennial vine that is mostly found in sandy and muddy shores, mangrove forests, and tropical rainforests. Propagation of Entada phaseoloides is possible through various methods including:
Seed Propagation
Propagation of Entada phaseoloides through seeds is a simple and effective method. Seeds can be collected from a mature plant and sown in a well-draining, nutrient-rich soil mix. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 1-2 cm, and the soil should be moist but not waterlogged. Cover the pot with plastic or a clear lid to maintain the moisture level. Seeds will germinate within 2-4 weeks, and then the plastic lid can be removed to allow airflow.
Cutting Propagation
Propagation of Entada phaseoloides through cuttings is a quick and easy method that is preferred over seed propagation. Take the cuttings from a healthy plant and ensure that they have at least two leaves and a node. Cuttings should be around 20-30cm long. Plant the cuttings in a well-draining, nutrient-rich soil mix, and water them moderately. It is advisable to use rooting hormone powder to promote root growth. Cuttings will root within 2-4 weeks.
Air Layering Propagation
Air layering is another method of propagation that is commonly used for Entada phaseoloides. In this process, a mature plant's stem is selected, and a thin strip of bark is removed from the stem's middle section. A small amount of rooting hormone is then applied to the exposed area, and it is wrapped with damp sphagnum moss. Finally, it is covered with plastic and tied securely. Roots will appear in 2-3 weeks. Once roots have formed, cut the stem below and plant it in a pot or ground.
Propagation of Entada phaseoloides through seeds, cuttings, and air layering is all effective. However, cutting propagation and air layering are the preferred method because the cuttings will produce a plant identical to the parent plant.
Disease Management
Entada phaseoloides is relatively resistant to diseases, but may still be susceptible to some fungal and bacterial diseases if the right conditions are present. The most common diseases that affect this plant include:
- Leaf spot: This disease is caused by fungal pathogens that create round or irregular spots on the leaves. To manage this disease, infected leaves should be pruned and removed, and fungicides may be used as a preventative measure.
- Root rot: This disease is caused by waterlogging, which creates anaerobic conditions in the roots and leads to rotting. To manage this disease, ensure adequate drainage and avoid overwatering the plant.
- Anthracnose: This disease causes the leaves to wither and drop prematurely. It is caused by fungal pathogens and management includes pruning infected leaves, improving airflow around the plant, and using fungicides.
Pest Management
Although Entada phaseoloides is not commonly affected by pests, there are a few insects that may infest this plant. Some of the most common pests include:
- Mealybugs: These insects are small and white, and can be found feeding on the foliage of the plant. To manage this pest, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Leaf miners: These insects create tunnels in the leaves, causing discoloration and plant stress. To manage this pest, remove infected leaves and use insecticides if the infestation is severe.
- Trips: These insects are small and fast-moving and feed on the leaves and stem of the plant, causing discoloration and drooping. To manage this pest, use insecticidal soap or neem oil. It's also important to avoid over-fertilizing the plant since this can attract pests.
