Overview
Elymus hordeoides (Suksdorf) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, also known as squirreltail grass, is a perennial bunchgrass within the Poaceae family. This plant is native to western North America and is commonly found growing in various habitats, including open woodlands, sagebrush, and prairies.General Appearance
Squirreltail grass generally stands between 1 to 3 feet tall and has narrow, green leaves that grow from the base of the plant. The plant's inflorescences, or flower heads, are open, gray-green spikelets, with bristles that resemble the tail of a squirrel, hence its name. The plant's roots are deep and extensive, making it drought-resistant, and it can thrive in poor soil.Common Names
Elymus hordeoides is commonly referred to by several common names, including squirreltail grass, squirreltail, squirreltail stipe, Indian ricegrass, and Bluebunch wheatgrass.Uses
Indigenous communities across western North America have been using squirreltail grass for centuries for many purposes, including food, shelter, and medicine. The plant's seeds were a critical food source for indigenous people, which they would roast, grind, and eat as a flour or porridge. Additionally, the fibers from the leaves were woven into baskets or used as roofing material for shelters. The leaves of squirreltail grass also have medicinal properties and have been used to treat ailments such as stomachaches and fever. Nowadays, squirreltail grass is grown for use in range revegetation and erosion control, particularly in arid regions. It is also commonly planted in prairies and open woodlands to provide forage for wildlife or used as ornamental garden plants.Light Requirements
Elymus hordeoides is a versatile plant that can thrive under different light conditions but prefers full sun. This plant can tolerate light shade. A shaded growth area will result in less growth and fewer flowers. Therefore, it is essential to place the plant in an open and sunny area for maximum growth and productivity.
Temperature Requirements
Elymus hordeoides can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. This plant is adapted to cold climates, making it suitable for growing in areas with temperatures as low as -23°C. In contrast, the plant can also withstand hot temperatures of up to 36°C. Nevertheless, the plant grows optimally between 15°C and 23°C.
Soil Requirements
Elymus hordeoides prefers a well-drained soil and can grow in any soil type except those that are highly acidic. The plant prefers soils with pH levels between 6.0 and 8.5 and requires moderate moisture levels. The plant thrives in soils with high amounts of organic matter and nutrients. The ideal soil type is loamy, sandy loam, or clay loam with good drainage capabilities. Additionally, the plant can tolerate saline soils, making it ideal for growing in areas with high salt content.
Cultivation methods
Elymus hordeoides is a hardy grass species that can grow in a wide range of growing conditions. The plant prefers well-draining soils and full sun but can also tolerate some shade. It is a cool-season grass and can be grown in most temperate regions, including zones 3 to 9. Sowing the seeds of Elymus hordeoides is easy, and the plant can be direct seeded on prepared soil. The seeds should be sown in the spring or fall, and it is essential to keep the soil moist till germination. The plant requires little care and maintenance once established.Watering needs
Elymus hordeoides is relatively drought-tolerant and can survive in dry conditions. However, the plant requires regular watering to thrive and produce healthy growth. Watering should be done deeply, preferably once or twice a week, to ensure the roots receive enough moisture to sustain the plant. Avoid overwatering, as it can cause waterlogging and damage the plant's roots. Adding a layer of mulch around the plant can help retain moisture, reduce water loss due to evaporation, and minimize weed growth.Fertilization
Elymus hordeoides is not a heavy feeder and does not require frequent fertilization. However, adding organic matter to the soil can improve the plant's growth and performance. Compost or well-rotted manure can be added to the soil before planting the seeds. A balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, can be applied once or twice a year after the plant has established. Avoid using high nitrogen fertilizers, as they can result in excessive foliage growth at the expense of seed production.Pruning
Elymus hordeoides is a grass species and does not require pruning in the traditional sense. However, removing the dead or damaged leaves and stems can improve the plant's appearance and health. It is also essential to remove any weeds that may compete with the plant for resources. If the plant becomes overgrown or too thick, it can be mowed to a height of 2-3 inches in early spring or late fall. This can promote new growth and improve the plant's appearance. Avoid mowing during the growing season, as it can damage the plant and reduce seed production.Propagation of Elymus hordeoides
Elymus hordeoides is a cool-season grass species that is commonly known as bottlebrush squirreltail or squirreltail grass. It is mainly found in the western regions of North America and is primarily utilized for forage and reclamation purposes. The plant is a perennial bunchgrass that has a lifespan of up to 10 years and prefers well-drained, sandy soils in full sun.
Seed Propagation
Elymus hordeoides can be propagated through seeds, which are easily available from nurseries or online suppliers. The ideal time for seed sowing is in the fall season, roughly about one to two months before the first frost. Plant the seeds ¼ inch deep into the soil and ensure they are spaced out appropriately, with a distance of 2 to 4 inches between each plant. After planting, water adequately, and protect the area from being disturbed. The seeds will sprout within two to three weeks.
Vegetative Propagation
Propagation of Elymus hordeoides through vegetative methods is possible, specifically through rhizome division. This method involves dividing the rhizomes of an established plant and transplanting them into a new location. Rhizome division is best done in the early spring season when the plant is actively growing. Dig up the plant and separate the rhizomes by using a sharp and sterilized knife. Plant the divided rhizomes in soil at the same depth which they were originally at, and make sure that they are watered regularly.
Disease and Pest Management for Elymus Hordeoides
Elymus hordeoides, also known as creeping wildrye, is a native plant species in the western United States. Like all plants, it is susceptible to various diseases and pests. Here are some of the most common ones that can affect the growth and vitality of Elymus hordeoides and how to manage them:
Diseases
1. Leaf Rust - Leaf rust is a fungal disease that creates orange rust spots on leaves, which can eventually lead to leaf drop and weaken the plant. To manage this disease, make sure to prune any diseased leaves and apply a fungicide to reduce further spread. Environmental conditions that promote leaf rust should be avoided, such as high humidity and long periods of leaf wetness.
2. Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch - Stagonospora nodorum blotch is another fungal disease that causes dark spots on leaves. This disease can be managed by regularly removing and destroying infected plant debris. Fungicides can also be effective in preventing and treating the disease, especially during wet seasons.
3. Smut - Smut is a fungal disease that can cause distorted growth and black masses on plant parts. Since the fungus can persist in the soil, it is recommended to rotate crops and remove any infected plant debris and soil.
Pests
1. Aphids - Aphids are small insects that suck the sap from the leaves and stems of plants, causing damage and reducing plant growth. They can be managed by introducing natural predators, such as ladybugs, or by spraying the infested area with a strong blast of water. Alternatively, insecticidal soaps or oils can also be effective.
2. Armyworms - Armyworms are caterpillars that eat the leaves and stems of plants, causing significant damage to crops. They are often active at night and can be managed by handpicking or using Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) insecticide, which targets only caterpillars and is less harmful to beneficial insects.
3. Cutworms - Cutworms are another type of caterpillar that feeds on the stems of small plants, often cutting them off at soil level. To manage cutworms, remove plant debris and till the soil to expose the cutworms to predators or apply insecticide.
Prevention is key to managing diseases and pests in Elymus hordeoides. By keeping the plant healthy and providing good growing conditions, it can better resist attacks from pests and diseases. Regular monitoring of the plant's health is crucial to quickly identify and manage any issues before they become severe.
