Origin
Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes belongs to the family Cyperaceae, and is commonly known as square-stemmed spikerush. The plant is native to North America and can be found growing in various habitats such as wetlands, marshes, and along the edges of lakes and streams.
Common Names
Eleocharis quadrangulata is known by several common names such as square-stem spikerush, four-sided spikerush, and scirpus quadrangulatus.
Uses
Eleocharis quadrangulata has several uses such as ecological restoration, erosion control, and wetland habitat creation. The plant is also used in the aquarium industry as an ornamental plant. Native American tribes used spikerushes like Eleocharis quadrangulata to make baskets, mats, and other woven items.
General Appearance
Eleocharis quadrangulata is a perennial plant with smooth, erect, and hollow stems that are four-angled, hence the name square-stemmed spikerush. The stems grow to a height of 20-50 cm and bear narrow, grass-like leaves that are typically green. The plant produces small brown flower spikes that bloom from May to September. The fruit is a small nutlet that is brown and smooth.
Light Requirements
Eleocharis quadrangulata plants require moderate to full sunlight exposure. The plant prefers clear and shallow water bodies where it can grow up to water surfaces. The light requirement depends on the growth state of the plant. During the growth phase, the plant requires a moderate amount of light, while during the flowering phase, it requires full sunlight exposure.
Temperature Requirements
The plant can thrive in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C. The ideal temperature range lies between 24°C to 27°C. The plant can withstand temperatures as low as 5°C, but it hinders its growth. During winter or colder months, the plant may become dormant, but it will revive when the temperature rises above the threshold.
Soil & Water Requirements
Eleocharis quadrangulata plants thrive in nutrient-rich soils that are slightly acidic to alkaline. The soil should be well-drained and moist. The plant can also grow in a submerged state, which means that the soil substrate is not essential for growth. Water quality is essential, and the plant grows best in clean and clear water bodies with a neutral pH. Elevated levels of organic matter or pollutants in the water body can hinder the growth and development of the plant.
Cultivation Methods
Eleocharis quadrangulata, also known as square-stem spikesedge, is a common grass-like aquatic plant that can be found in shallow freshwater marshes, lakes, and ponds. It is a relatively easy plant to cultivate, making it a popular choice among aquarists and aquatic plant enthusiasts. To cultivate E. quadrangulata, you will need a container or aquarium with clean water, substrate, and a good light source. Start by filling your container or aquarium with clean water. Use a substrate that can hold nutrients like gravel or sand. Plant the E. quadrangulata by covering the roots with the substrate. You can also tie the plant to rocks or driftwood if you prefer. E. quadrangulata requires good lighting to thrive. Provide at least 8 to 10 hours of moderate to high-intensity light daily to promote healthy growth. E. quadrangulata can tolerate a range of water temperatures between 60 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
Watering Needs
Eleocharis quadrangulata is an aquatic plant that does not require watering in the traditional sense. However, it is essential to maintain a consistent water level in the aquarium or container to ensure healthy growth. It is recommended to keep the water level just above the substrate layer where the roots of the plant are located. Maintain a clean and oxygenated water environment. It's essential to do 25% water changes weekly to remove excess nutrients that can lead to algae and other problems. Ensure that the water source is free from chemicals such as chlorine and chloramine by using a water conditioner.
Fertilization
Fertilization is essential to promote healthy growth of Eleocharis quadrangulata. The plant can benefit from nutrient-rich substrates or nutrient supplements. A substrate that contains essential nutrients can provide your E. quadrangulata with the necessary nourishment to grow. If you choose to fertilize Eleocharis quadrangulata, consider using a liquid fertilizer or root tabs specifically designed for aquatic plants. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to avoid over-fertilization, which can lead to algae and other problems.
Pruning
Pruning Eleocharis quadrangulata is essential to maintain a neat and healthy appearance. The plant can grow aggressively, and left unattended can take over an aquarium or container. Trimming the plants will promote bushier, stronger growth and prevent overcrowding. To trim, use a sharp pair of scissors and cut the stems close to the substrate. Avoid cutting too close to the substrate, which can damage the roots and cause the plant to die off. It is recommended to only trim a third of the plant at a time to avoid causing stress to the plant.
Propagation of Eleocharis quadrangulata
Eleocharis quadrangulata is a versatile plant that can reproduce through several propagation methods including:
Division
Division is a common propagation method for Eleocharis quadrangulata. To propagate through division, separate the rhizomes and plantlets from the parent plant. Make sure each segment has sufficient roots and replant them in an aquarium or pond. This method is best done during the spring when new growth starts.
Seed
Eleocharis quadrangulata can also be propagated by seeds. Collect ripe seeds from the plant and sow them on a moist substrate in an aquarium or pond. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of substrate and ensure they are submerged in water. Germination typically happens in 10-14 days at 75-80°F. Once the seedlings have grown beyond 1 inch, they can be carefully moved to their desired position.
Cutting
Another propagation method is through cuttings. Simply snip a healthy stem from the plant and plant it in the aquarium substrate. Keep the substrate moist until the cutting takes roots. This method is most effective when the parent individuals are healthy.
Disease and Pest Management for Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Eleocharis quadrangulata is a species of grass-like aquatic plant that is hardy and adaptable, but it can still be affected by certain diseases and pests. Here are some common issues that may affect this plant and ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Leaf Spot: This disease is caused by the fungus Drechslera quellensis and is characterized by small, yellow or brown spots on the leaves. To manage this disease, remove and dispose of any affected leaves and ensure good air circulation around the plant. Fungicides may also be used.
2. Smut: This disease is caused by the fungus Ustilago eleocharidis and is characterized by black, powdery spores on the leaves. To manage this disease, remove and dispose of any infected leaves and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides can also be used.
3. Root Rot: This disease is caused by overwatering Eleocharis quadrangulata or poor drainage causing soil saturation. The symptoms are wilting or yellowing of leaves and their dropping. To fix this, improve the drainage through potting mix modifications, reducing the watering frequency or increasing the frequency's intensity, or moving the plant to a brighter location.
Pests
1. Aquatic Snails: Snails are common pests that can feed on the leaves of Eleocharis quadrangulata and stunt its growth. They can be removed from the water by hand-picking dead and live species and treated chemically with copper. However, copper is toxic to invertebrates and Eleocharis quadrangulata, so application instructions and the applicator's experience are essential requirements to avoid causing harm.
2. Aphids: Aphids are tiny, sap-sucking insects that may affect Eleocharis quadrangulata leaves. Yellow spots or holes in the leaves and sticky noise points are the symptoms that aphids piercing the leaves. The most effective aphid control measure for Eleocharis quadrangulata is neem oil, which suffocates and repels aphids and is a natural insecticide. An alternative is a pyrethrin spray, which paralyzes and kills insects. Organophosphates should not be used because they are toxic and can contaminate the plant and surrounding areas.
Overall, with proper water and nutrient management Eleocharis quadrangulata's disease and pest problems can be minimized, and the plant thrives.
