Description of Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn.
Elatine americana, also known as American waterwort or waterwort, is a small aquatic plant native to North America. It belongs to the family Elatinaceae and can be found growing in shallow fresh or brackish waters such as ponds, streams, and ditches.
General Appearance
American waterwort is a small annual herb that typically grows up to 3 cm in height. It has thin stems that are branched and grow along the surface of the water. The leaves of the plant are opposite and linear, measuring about 2 mm in length. The flowers of the plant are small and inconspicuous, with no petals and only a few stamens.
Common Names
Elatine americana is commonly known by several names, including waterwort, American waterwort, and delicate waterwort.
Uses
American waterwort has been used for a variety of purposes, both medicinal and culinary, by indigenous peoples of North America. The plant was used to treat ailments such as fever, headaches, and stomach cramps. It was also used as a poultice to treat wounds and skin irritations. Additionally, American waterwort has been used as a culinary herb to flavor soups and stews.
Today, American waterwort is primarily used as an ornamental plant for aquariums and water gardens. Its delicate appearance and ease of cultivation make it a popular choice among aquatic plant enthusiasts.
Light Requirements
Elatine americana requires bright light for proper growth and development. It is a plant that prefers to grow in full sun but can tolerate partial shading.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for the growth of Elatine americana is between 18°C to 27°C. The plant can tolerate temperatures as low as 10°C and as high as 35°C, but growth may slow down under extreme conditions.
Soil Requirements
Elatine americana grows best in nutrient-rich, well-aerated, and slightly acidic soils with a pH range of 5.0-7.0. It prefers substrates that are rich in organic matter and has a tendency to root in soft muddy areas. The plant can tolerate shallow water regions with a depth of up to 4 inches.
Cultivation
Elatine americana, commonly known as American waterwort, is a semi-aquatic plant grown in damp or shallow water environments. It thrives in full sunlight or partially shaded positions in the aquarium or pond.
Begin the cultivation process by selecting a container that is wide and shallow enough to accommodate the plant's growth. Fill the container with a nutrient-rich aquatic substrate that is rich in iron, like laterite or clay soil, to provide adequate anchorage and nourishment to the plant's roots. Place the plantlets on the substrate's surface while being careful not to damage the delicate roots.
Watering Needs
The Elatine americana plant grows well in waterlogged soil conditions and constantly moist substrates. A stable water temperature of around 70 to 75 F and a pH level between 6 to 7.5 are ideal for promoting healthy growth. Water should be changed regularly, and it should be free of chlorine and any chemical herbicides to ensure the plant's optimal development.
Fertilization
Aquatic plants have high nutrient requirements, which means that fertilization is vital for the proper growth of Elatine americana. Supplement the plant's nutrient needs with a comprehensive aquatic plant fertilizer that includes macronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Additionally, trace elements like iron are crucial for the proper development of this plant.
Pruning
Elatine americana benefits from proper pruning, which helps to maintain its shape, promote bushier growth, and prevent overcrowding. Make sure to use clean, sharp scissors or pruning shears when trimming, as blunt instruments can cause damage to the plant's delicate structure. Additionally, remove any dead or yellowing leaves, as they can attract harmful pests and pathogens that may harm the plant's growth and development.
Propagation of Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn.
Elatine americana is a tiny creeping perennial plant that reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. It is well-known for its ability to form dense mats in shallow water bodies, marshes, wetlands, and other areas with moist soils. Here are some propagation methods for Elatine americana:
Propagation by seed
Propagation by seed is the primary method for reproducing Elatine americana. The plant produces a significant quantity of small seeds that are easily dispersed by water, animals, or humans. The best time for seed collection is from June to August when the plant fruits.
To propagate Elatine americana from seed, begin by collecting ripe seed from the plant. The seed pods should be black and should have already started to split open. Collect the pods and dry them in a dark and well-ventilated location. Once the pods have dried completely, extract the tiny seeds and store them in a cool and dry place. You can propagate the seeds in moist soil or shallow water once the soil or water temperature reaches 15-20°C.
Propagation by division
You can also propagate Elatine americana vegetatively by dividing the root mass. This method of propagation is usually carried out when the plant has overgrown its current container or when it has established significant root reserves. The division is done by cutting the root mass into smaller portions and then planting them separately. Ensure that each section has enough roots and leaves to grow independently.
Propagation by cuttings
Propagation by cuttings is a possible method, but it is less preferred since the plant has delicate stems that are susceptible to damage. To propagate Elatine americana by cutting, choose a healthy stem from the plant and cut it into smaller pieces. Make sure that each stem cutting has enough nodes to produce roots and leaves. Then plant the cuttings in shallow water or moist soil, and keep them in a shaded location until they start to root.
Disease and Pest Management for Elatine americana
Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn., commonly known as American waterwort, is a delicate aquatic plant that requires proper care and attention to prevent diseases and pests from affecting it. Here, we discuss some common diseases and pests that might affect Elatine americana and suggest ways to manage them.
Diseases
Elatine americana is highly susceptible to fungal and bacterial infections. The following are some of the most common diseases that affect this plant:
- Pythium root rot: This disease is caused by the Pythium species of fungi. It leads to the decay of the roots and the entire plant. To manage it, ensure proper drainage and avoid overwatering the plant.
- Bacterial leaf spot: This disease is caused by the Xanthomonas campestris bacterium. It leads to the development of yellowish or brownish spots on the leaves of the plant. To manage it, avoid overhead watering and remove affected leaves from the plant.
- Fusarium wilt: This disease is caused by the Fusarium species of fungi. It leads to the wilting and decay of the plant. To manage it, remove affected parts of the plant and avoid overwatering it.
Pests
Elatine americana is also susceptible to pest attacks. The following are some common pests that might affect this plant:
- Aphids: These insects suck sap from the plant, leading to stunted growth and leaf curling. To manage them, spray the plant with a mixture of water and dish soap.
- Snails and slugs: These pests feed on the leaves and stems of the plant, leading to defoliation and stunted growth. To manage them, remove them by hand or use traps.
- Leafminers: These pests create tunnels inside the leaves of the plant, leading to yellowing and premature leaf fall. To manage them, remove affected leaves and use insecticides if necessary.
It is essential to keep a close eye on Elatine americana and take necessary measures to prevent diseases and pest attacks. Proper care and attention can ensure healthy growth and development of this aquatic plant.
