Overview of Dolichos biflorus
Dolichos biflorus is a perennial legume plant that belongs to the Fabaceae family. The plant is native to India and is also found in other Asian countries like Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Malaysia. It is commonly known by several names, including Kulthi in Hindi, Horse gram in English, and Ulava in Telugu.
Appearance of Dolichos biflorus
The plant has a prostrate or twining growth form and can reach a height of up to 60 cm. The leaves are trifoliate, obovate or rhombic in shape, and have a dark green color. Yellow or light purple flowers are produced in clusters and are followed by oblong and hairy pods about 5 cm long that contain seeds that are smooth textured and globose.
Uses of Dolichos biflorus
The mature seeds and leaves are rich in protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals. In India, the plant is a popular food source and is used to make traditional dishes like rasam, sambar, and kolluputtu. The seeds are also ground into flour to make flatbreads like chapati and roti. The plant has medicinal properties and is used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure various ailments like diabetes, respiratory problems, and skin diseases.
In addition to its food and medicinal uses, Dolichos biflorus is also used as animal feed and can be grown as a forage crop to prevent soil erosion and improve soil fertility.
Light Requirements
The plant Dolichos biflorus typically requires bright but indirect sunlight. In their natural habitat, they grow under the shade of larger trees or bushes. Too much direct sunlight can cause leaf scorch, while too little light can result in stunted growth or yellowing leaves.
Temperature Requirements
Dolichos biflorus grows best in warm temperatures. The ideal temperature range for growth is between 20°C to 30°C. However, the plant can tolerate temperatures as low as 10°C, but it may struggle to grow in colder temperatures.
Soil Requirements
The plant prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. The pH range of the soil should be between 6.0 and 7.5. It grows best in soil that remains moist but not waterlogged. The plant does not tolerate saline or alkaline soil and may develop root rot if the soil becomes waterlogged.
Cultivation Methods:
Dolichos biflorus, also known as horse gram, is a hardy plant that can grow in a variety of soil types. However, it prefers well-drained, loamy or sandy soil. The plant requires full sun and can tolerate high temperatures, making it suitable for cultivation in warm climates. It can be propagated through seeds and should be sown directly in the soil during the rainy season.
Watering Needs:
The plant can survive in low rainfall conditions, as it has a deep root system that allows it to access water from deeper soil layers. However, regular watering during the growing season can improve yields and reduce stress on the plant. It is essential to avoid waterlogging, as it can cause root rot and reduce plant growth and yields.
Fertilization:
Dolichos biflorus requires moderate fertilization. A balanced fertilizer with equal parts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be applied in the initial stages of growth. On average, the plant requires 50-60 kg of nitrogen per hectare, which can be applied in split doses at different growth stages. Organic fertilizers, such as farmyard manure or vermicompost, can also be used to improve soil fertility.
Pruning:
Pruning is not necessary for Dolichos biflorus, as it is a self-supporting plant. However, removing dead or diseased plant parts can improve the overall health of the plant. It is also essential to remove weeds regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water. Weeds can be removed manually or through the use of herbicides, although care should be taken to avoid damage to the plant.
Propagation of Dolichos biflorus
Dolichos biflorus, commonly known as horse gram, is a legume crop that is grown for its seeds. It is propagated mainly through seeds. The following are the different propagation methods for Dolichos biflorus:
Seed propagation
Seeds are the most common way to propagate Dolichos biflorus. The pods are left to dry on the plant and then harvested. Once harvested, the pods are threshed to separate the seeds from the chaff. The seeds can then be stored in a cool, dry place until planting time. The best time to sow the seeds is during the onset of the rainy season. The seeds are sown directly into the soil at a depth of 2-3 cm. The seeds germinate within 5-10 days, depending on the temperature and moisture levels.
Cuttings
Dolichos biflorus can also be propagated through stem cuttings. Cuttings are taken from healthy plants during the growing season. The cuttings are about 15-20 cm long, with 2-3 nodes. The lower end of the cuttings is dipped in rooting hormone and then planted in a pot with well-draining soil. The pot is then covered with a plastic bag to maintain high humidity levels and encourage root growth. The cuttings will root within 2-3 weeks, and once established, they can be transplanted into the field.
Division
Dolichos biflorus can also be propagated through division. The roots of the plant are dug up and carefully divided into several smaller sections, each containing a portion of the root system and at least one stem. The divided sections are then planted in the soil at the same depth as the original plant. Care should be taken not to damage the roots during the division process to prevent shock and ensure proper establishment of the new plants.
Disease and Pest Management for Dolichos biflorus
Dolichos biflorus, also known as the horse gram, is a hardy plant that is resistant to many pests and diseases. However, some problems may still arise. Here are some common issues and ways to manage them:
Diseases:
Anthracnose: Anthracnose is a fungal disease that causes lesions on the leaves and stems of the plant. If left untreated, it can lead to defoliation and reduced yields. To manage anthracnose, remove infected plant debris and practice crop rotation. Fungicides and biofungicides may also be applied as a preventative measure.
Root rot: Root rot is caused by the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and can result in stunted growth and plant death. Improving soil drainage and avoiding overwatering can help prevent root rot. Fungicides and biofungicides can also be used to manage root rot.
Pests:
Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of the plant and can transmit viruses. They are usually found on the undersides of leaves. Pruning infested leaves and using insecticidal soap or neem oil can help manage aphids.
Cutworms: Cutworms are the larvae of certain species of moths and can feed on the stems of young plants, causing wilting and death. To manage cutworms, use physical barriers such as collars around the base of the plants and apply biological control agents like Bacillus thuringiensis.
Spider mites: Spider mites are tiny arachnids that feed on the undersides of leaves, causing discoloration. Introducing natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings and using insecticidal soap can help manage spider mites.
Proper crop rotation, good sanitation practices, and maintaining healthy soil can also help prevent and manage both diseases and pests in Dolichos biflorus plants.
