Overview
Diplazium kaalaanum (Copeland) C. Christens. is a species of fern belonging to the family Athyriaceae. This plant is endemic to the Philippines and is known by several common names such as "Pakpak-lawin", "Igot-lawin", and "Kaalaan".
Appearance
Diplazium kaalaanum is a perennial plant that can grow up to 1 to 2 meters in height. Its rhizome is stout and erect, while its fronds reach up to 1 meter in length and have a width of 20-40 cm. The pinnae or leaflets are narrowly triangular in shape and have a pointed tip, with 20-25 pairs of pinnae per frond. The sori or spore-bearing structures are located on the undersides of the leaflets, and are covered by a thin, dark brown indusium.
Uses
The Diplazium kaalaanum plant is traditionally used by indigenous groups in the Philippines as a medicinal plant. Its leaves are utilized to treat various ailments such as fever, dysentery, and wounds. In addition, its rhizome is used as a source of food by the locals, as it is rich in starch and is edible after boiling or roasting.
Furthermore, the Diplazium kaalaanum fern is commonly utilized as an ornamental plant, with its large and attractive fronds making it a popular choice for landscaping and indoor decoration.
Light Requirements
The plant Diplazium kaalaanum prefers a partially shaded environment where it can receive dappled sunlight. Direct sunlight can damage the leaves, so it is essential to provide a shaded area that mimics its natural habitat. Avoid placing the plant in dark or poorly lit areas as it will not be able to photosynthesize properly.
Temperature Requirements
The recommended temperature range for the Diplazium kaalaanum is between 18°C - 26°C (65°F - 80°F). The plant can tolerate fluctuations within this range, but it is best to avoid extreme temperatures that can cause damage to the leaves and roots. Avoid placing the plant in areas with cold drafts or near heating vents that can cause rapid changes in temperature.
Soil Requirements
Diplazium kaalaanum prefers moist, well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. A mix of peat moss, perlite, and sand can be used to create a well-draining soil mixture. The soil's pH level should be slightly acidic, ranging between 5.5 - 6.5. Avoid using heavy, compacted soil that can retain excess moisture and cause root rot.
Cultivation
Diplazium kaalaanum is a type of fern that is native to the Philippines. It grows well in warm and humid climates and can be grown in shaded areas. It prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter.
The ideal temperature range for growing this plant is between 18-24°C. If the temperature goes above 30°C, the plant may struggle. It is best to avoid direct sun exposure. Instead, place it in a shaded area that allows for indirect sunlight.
Watering Needs
This plant needs to be kept moist, but not excessively wet. As a general rule, water the plant regularly so that the soil stays damp to the touch. However, if the soil is already damp, it is best to avoid watering it again until it has had time to dry out slightly.
If the plant is grown in a pot, ensure that the pot has drainage holes. Excess water that accumulates in the bottom of the pot can cause root rot and damage the plant.
Fertilization
Fertilizing the plant every 3-4 weeks during the growing season will give it the necessary nutrients to thrive. Use a balanced fertilizer with equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Alternatively, you can use a specialized fern fertilizer.
Do not over-fertilize the plant, as this can cause damage. Signs of over-fertilization include burnt leaf tips or a buildup of salt in the soil.
Pruning
Regular pruning is necessary to keep the plant healthy and looking its best. Dead or dying fronds should be removed as soon as possible to prevent disease or pests from taking hold. If the fronds turn brown or yellow, cut them off at the base.
When pruning, be sure to use clean, sharp tools to prevent the spread of disease. Dip the blades in rubbing alcohol or a mixture of 1-part bleach to 10-parts water before pruning.
Finally, do not prune more than one-third of the plant at once, as this can damage it. Instead, wait for new growth to appear before pruning again.
Propagating Diplazium kaalaanum
Diplazium kaalaanum, commonly known as Kaalaan Fern, is a tropical plant native to the Philippines. This fern belongs to the family Athyriaceae and is an excellent addition to any indoor or outdoor garden. Propagating Diplazium kaalaanum can be done by spores and division.
Propagation by Spores
The propagation by spores requires patience and expertise. Collect mature fronds from the plant to ensure mature spores. Place the fronds in a paper bag and allow them to dry out for several days. Once the spores have been released, remove the fronds and spread the spores out on moist soil.
Once the spores have been spread, cover the pot or tray with plastic wrap and place it in a warm location with diffused light. Within a few weeks, small green shoots will begin to appear. Ensure that the soil is always moist and not waterlogged. When the plants have several leaves, they can be transplanted into individual pots.
Propagation by Division
Propagation by division is the easier method of propagating Diplazium kaalaanum. Remove the plant from the pot and carefully separate the root ball into halves or thirds. Ensure that each division has enough roots and leaves. If a division has any damaged roots, trim them off.
Replant the divided ferns into separate pots with fresh, well-draining soil. Place the pots in a warm location with diffused light and keep the soil moist. The plant will begin to grow new fronds within a few weeks. This method typically has a higher success rate and is less time-consuming than the spore method.
Diplazium kaalaanum is an attractive fern that is easy to propagate. With proper care, newly propagated ferns will mature into healthy and lush plants.
Disease Management
Diplazium kaalaanum is generally a hardy plant that does not encounter many diseases. However, some common diseases that may affect the plant include:
- Bacterial leaf spot: A bacterial infection that causes black to dark brown spots on the leaves of the plant. This can be managed by removing infected leaves and applying a copper-based fungicide.
- Leaf blight: A fungal infection that causes browning and wilting of the leaves. This disease can be prevented by proper watering and spacing of the plants.
- Root rot: A fungal disease that affects the roots of the plant, causing them to rot. This can be prevented by ensuring proper drainage and avoiding overwatering.
Pest Management
Some common pests that may affect Diplazium kaalaanum include:
- Thrips: These are small, winged insects that feed on the plant by piercing the leaves and sucking out the sap. They can be managed by using insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Mealybugs: These are small, white insects that feed on the sap of the plant. They can be managed by using a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol to remove them from the plant.
- Aphids: These are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the plant by sucking out the sap. They can be managed by using insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Regular monitoring and proper cultural practices, such as maintaining a clean growing area and avoiding over-fertilization, can significantly reduce the risk of pests and diseases in Diplazium kaalaanum.
