Overview of Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl.
Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. is a tropical plant from the family Dichapetalaceae. It is native to several African countries including Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, and Nigeria. The plant is also found in other tropical regions such as South America and Southeast Asia.
Common Names
The plant is commonly known as African balderdash, yellow balderdash, or poison arrow tree due to its toxicity level which makes it useful in hunting. In Nigeria, it is known as “Osuba" in the Yoruba language and “Agulu" in the Igbo language.
Uses of Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl.
The plant is known for its toxic properties which make it useful in hunting. The leaves and bark of the plant contain a compound called dichapetalin which is a cardiac glycoside that is toxic to mammals. It is used by the indigenous people in Africa to make poison arrows for hunting and fishing. The plant is also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as headaches, fever, and respiratory illnesses.
General Appearance of Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl.
Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 8 meters in height. The leaves are simple, alternate, and oval-shaped with a pointed tip. They are leathery with a shiny, dark green upper surface and lighter green lower surface. The flowers are small, yellow-green, and inconspicuous, clustered in axillary inflorescences. The fruits are small, ovoid, and fleshy with a bright red color when ripe.
Light Requirements
Dichapetalum subauriculatum thrives well in partial to full sunlight. Thus, it requires at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. When grown indoors, placing the plant close to a south-facing window can provide the ideal amount of sunlight exposure to the plant.
Temperature Requirements
This plant prefers a warm and humid climate. The ideal temperature range for the growth and development of Dichapetalum subauriculatum is between 24°C to 28°C (75°F to 82°F). It cannot tolerate temperatures dropping below 10°C (50°F). Therefore, it is advised to keep the plant in a warm place and away from drafts.
Soil Requirements
Dichapetalum subauriculatum requires well-draining, rich, and moist soil to thrive. A soil mixture of peat moss and perlite with some sand can create the ideal growth environment for this plant. It also thrives well in mildly acidic to neutral soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5.
Cultivation methods of Dichapetalum subauriculatum
Dichapetalum subauriculatum is a tropical plant that requires adequate warmth and humidity to grow. The ideal temperatures for its growth are between 20°C to 30°C. It needs a well-draining soil that is moist but not waterlogged. The plant can grow well in full sun or partial shade. The best propagation method is by seed or stem cuttings planted in a well-draining potting mix. After planting the cuttings, keep them warm and moist until new growth appears.
Watering needs for Dichapetalum subauriculatum
Proper watering is crucial for the healthy growth of Dichapetalum subauriculatum. Water the plant thoroughly but allow the soil to dry out slightly before watering again. Avoid waterlogged soil as it can lead to root rot. During hot weather or when grown in a pot, the plant may need to be watered frequently, whereas during winter or in cooler temperatures, less watering may be required.
Fertilization of Dichapetalum subauriculatum
The plant requires regular fertilization to promote healthy growth. It is recommended to use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer that is high in nitrogen. Fertilize the plant every 2-3 weeks during the growing season. However, avoid excess fertilization as it can lead to salt build-up and damage the roots.
Pruning of Dichapetalum subauriculatum
Pruning helps to maintain the shape and size of Dichapetalum subauriculatum, encourages bushier growth, and removes any damaged or diseased leaves. The best time to prune is during the active growing season when the plant is actively producing new leaves. Use clean and sharp pruning shears to avoid damaging the plant. Cut stems just above a node and remove any branches that are crossing or rubbing against each other.
Propagation of Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl.
Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. is a plant species that is often propagated in nurseries or through seed germination. This plant prefers a partially shaded environment and grows well in well-draining soil with consistent moisture.
Propagation Methods
Seed Propagation: Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. can be propagated through seed germination. The seeds are extracted from the mature fruits and are sown in a soil mix that is rich in organic matter and is kept moist. The seeds require warm temperatures and a partially shaded environment to germinate. It is advisable to cover the seeds with plastic to maintain high humidity levels for better germination rate. Once the seedlings have developed their first true leaves, they are transplanted into small pots or bags that can accommodate their roots.
Cuttings: Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. can also be propagated through stem cuttings. The cutting materials are collected from mature plants during their growth phase. It is advisable to cover the cuttings with moistened paper towels and store them in plastic bags to keep them fresh, or plant them directly on the soil and avoid exposing them to direct sunlight. The cuttings are then planted in a well-draining soil that is kept moist. A rooting hormone can be used to encourage root development. The cuttings should be watered regularly to prevent them from drying out.
Division: Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. can also be propagated through division. This propagation method is used for mature plants that have developed multiple stems. The plant is dug up carefully and the roots are separated into sections using a sharp, sterile knife. Each section must have enough roots and stems to survive. The sections are then planted into individual containers or directly into the garden soil.
Disease Management
Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. is susceptible to several diseases, which can cause significant damage to the plant. The following are some common diseases that might affect the plant and ways to manage them:
- Leaf spot: This disease is caused by fungal pathogens and appears as small, circular, or irregularly shaped spots on the leaves. To manage leaf spot, remove and destroy infected plant parts, avoid overhead watering, and apply fungicides.
- Root rot: Root rot is caused by overwatering and poorly drained soil, leading to the plant's wilting and death. To manage root rot, remove the infected parts and repot the plant in well-draining soil.
- Powdery mildew: This disease appears as a white, powdery substance on the plant's leaves, stems, and flowers. To manage powdery mildew, remove infected plant parts, improve air circulation, and apply fungicides.
Pest Management
Dichapetalum subauriculatum (Oliv.) Engl. is also susceptible to pests, which can damage the plant and reduce its productivity. The following are some common pests that might affect the plant and ways to manage them:
- Spider mites: These pests feed on the plant's sap, leading to leaves' discoloration and curled leaves. To manage spider mites, remove the infected parts, apply insecticidal soap, or neem oil.
- Aphids: Aphids are small, pear-shaped insects that suck the sap from the plant's leaves, leading to stunted growth and distorted leaves. To manage aphids, remove the infected parts, apply insecticidal soap, or neem oil.
- Mealybugs: These pests appear as small, white, cotton-like masses on the plant's stem and leaves, leading to stunted growth and discoloration of the leaves. To manage mealybugs, remove the infected parts, apply insecticidal soap or neem oil, or introduce natural predators like ladybugs.
