Origin and Common Names
The Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. ndongense (Engl.) Breteler, commonly known as the "poison arrow tree," is a plant species that belongs to the Chrysobalanaceae family. It is native to tropical Africa, specifically found in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and Equatorial Guinea. The plant got its common name from its toxic properties that locals use in making poisoned arrows for hunting.
General Appearance
The poison arrow tree ranges from 5 to 20 meters in height and has a straight trunk 30-60 cm in diameter. The bark is grayish-brown, thin, shiny, and smells like almonds when crushed. The leaves are elongated, narrow, pointed at the tip, and range from 7 to 20 cm in length. They have a glossy, dark green color, and the undersides have a few lighter-colored hairs. The small, yellowish-green flowers bloom in clusters. They have a strong, sweet fragrance and have five petals. The fruit is a drupe with an edible pericarp that has an orange-red color. Inside, there is a large seed that is flattened and biconvex, measuring 2-2.5 cm in diameter.
Uses
The poison arrow tree brings several medicinal properties that some African tribes use to cure various diseases, including fever, dysentery, neuralgia, and rheumatism. The bark and leaves also serve as an insecticide and have proven useful in controlling aphids and termites in crops. The seeds are rich in protein and fat, and the oil extracted from them serves for cooking and lighting. The roots and bark have potent cardiac glycosides, which can be lethal if ingested. They were traditionally used by tribes in coating arrows and spearheads for hunting and warfare.
Light Requirements
Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense typically grows in areas with moderate to high levels of sunlight. It can tolerate partial shade, but growth may be slower in these conditions. To promote healthy growth, it is generally recommended to place the plant in a location where it can receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
Temperature Requirements
This plant can adapt to a wide range of temperatures, but it tends to thrive in temperatures between 20-28°C (68-82°F). During the colder months, it should be protected from frost and extreme cold temperatures. Exposure to freezing temperatures can cause damage to the plant and even kill it.
Soil Requirements
Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense grows best in well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. The soil should be slightly acidic, with a pH range between 6.0-6.5. It is important to avoid waterlogged soil, as excess water can cause root rot and other issues. The plant can also benefit from the addition of fertilizer during the growing season to promote healthy growth.
Cultivation of Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense
Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense is a flowering plant that is native to Western and Central Africa. It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant because of its bright red flowers and glossy leaves. To cultivate this plant, you need to provide the perfect growing conditions.
Watering needs
When watering Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense, it is important to find the right balance. You need to make sure that the soil is moist but not waterlogged, as overwatering can lead to the plant's roots rotting. At the same time, you do not want the soil to dry out, as this can cause the plant to wilt and die. It is recommended to water the plant when the top of the soil feels dry to the touch, and you should use a watering can to direct the water at the soil and avoid getting the foliage wet.
Fertilization
To encourage healthy growth and vibrant blooms, Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense needs regular feeding with a balanced fertilizer. You can use a slow-release fertilizer every six months or a liquid fertilizer every two weeks during the growing season. Be careful not to over-fertilize, as this can cause the plant's leaves to become scorched and stunt its growth.
Pruning
Regular pruning is essential to keep Dichapetalum heudelotii var. ndongense looking its best. You should remove any dead, damaged, or diseased growth as soon as possible, as this can attract pests and diseases. You can also prune the plant to control its shape and size; however, you should only do this during the growing season to avoid damaging the plant. Sterilize your pruning tools with rubbing alcohol before and after each use to prevent the spread of disease.
Propagation of Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. ndongense (Engl.) Breteler
Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. ndongense (Engl.) Breteler can be propagated through various methods, including seed propagation and vegetative propagation. Understanding each method is critical to effectively propagate the plant.
Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is the most common way to propagate Dichapetalum heudelotii. Collecting the seeds during their ripening stage is crucial. You may know it's ripe when the seedpods turn yellow, and the fruits show signs of softness.
Clean the seeds from the pod and lay them on a paper towel or a seed tray, away from direct sunlight. Keep them in a cool, dry place. For best results, soak the seeds in water overnight to soften their hard seed coat. After soaking, plant the seeds in a well-draining soil, and keep them continuously moist. The seeds should germinate within 4-6 weeks.
Vegetative Propagation
Dichapetalum heudelotii can be propagated vegetatively via stem cuttings. Choose a healthy stem around 6 inches long, making sure it's at least 2-3 nodes. Remove the lower set of leaves from the stem; leaving one or two leaves at the cutting's upper part.
Dip the cutting's lower end in rooting hormone and plant it in a well-draining soil mix. Water the cutting thoroughly, use a clear plastic bag to cover the pot and create a humid environment. Place it in a well-lit spot with indirect sunlight.
Within a month, the cutting should root, and new leaves will start to grow. Once the new plantlet has grown a few inches tall, repot it in a larger container, or plant it outdoors if it's rooting season.
Disease and Pest Management for Dichapetalum Heudelotii var. Ndongense
Dichapetalum Heudelotii var. Ndongense is generally a healthy plant species. However, it is not wholly immune to diseases and pests that may affect its growth and development. Here are the common diseases and pests that might infect the plant and ways to manage them:
Common Diseases
One of the common diseases that might affect Dichapetalum Heudelotii is white rust, caused by the pathogen Albugo candida. It leads to white pustules on the leaves and reduces yield by weakening the plant. It is important to take measures to prevent the disease from spreading. This can be done by using fungicides such as copper sulphate regularly, avoiding overhead watering and ensuring proper plant spacing.
Common Pests
Another common pest that might attack D. Heudelotii is the spider mite. These tiny insects feed on plant sap, resulting in yellow, distorted leaves, and they can rapidly multiply, especially in hot and dry environments. Controlling spider mites can be done through physical, chemical or biological methods. Physical methods include spraying the plant with water, while the biological method involves introducing natural predators such as ladybugs. Chemical methods should be used with caution, as some pesticides may harm beneficial insects and cause resistance.
Additionally, the plant might also be attacked by nematodes, which are microscopic worms that attack the plant roots, causing stunted growth and wilting. Crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and regular soil testing can prevent nematode infestations.
Adopting a preventive approach and monitoring the plants regularly can help identify issues early and mitigate disease and pest damage. It is also essential to read and follow label instructions when using chemical pesticides to avoid environmental hazards and permanent damage to the plant and soil.
