Overview of Derris uliginosa
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. is a woody vine belonging to the Fabaceae or pea family. It is native to Southeast Asia and found mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is commonly known as tuba, bubu, or kahapong in the local languages. This plant has played an important role in traditional medicine and has various practical uses.
Description of Derris uliginosa
Derris uliginosa is a woody vine that can grow up to 20 meters in length. The leaves are pinnately compound, with 9-15 leaflets that are glossy on the upper surface and hairy on the underside. Small, purplish, or pinkish flowers are produced in clusters at the tips of the branches. The fruit is a pod that contains several seeds.
Uses of Derris uliginosa
Derris uliginosa has been used for various purposes. In traditional medicine, the root has been used to treat a range of ailments, including fever, inflammation, and infections. The root's active compounds, particularly rotenone, have insecticidal properties and have been used to control pests in agriculture and forestry. The stem's inner bark has been used for making twine, rope, and baskets, while the wood has been traditionally used for making fishing traps and as fuel for cooking and heating.
Cultivation of Derris uliginosa
Derris uliginosa is a fast-growing plant that can be propagated either by rooting stem cuttings or by sowing seeds. It prefers well-drained soil and a humid tropical climate. The plant is easy to grow and does not require much care once established. However, since the plant is known to have insecticidal properties, caution should be taken when handling it.
Light Requirements
Derris uliginosa, also known as swamp derris, grows best in well-lit areas with partial to full sunlight exposure. However, it can also tolerate shady conditions although this may slow down its growth rate.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature for Derris uliginosa is between 20 to 30°C. It prefers warm and humid conditions and can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. However, extreme temperatures below 10°C or above 40°C can affect its growth negatively.
Soil Requirements
Derris uliginosa grows best in well-draining soils with high organic matter content. It prefers a soil pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. The plant can tolerate a range of soil textures, including sandy and clayey soils. However, it performs best in loamy soils that offer a balance of drainage and water retention. Additionally, it requires a moist environment and cannot thrive in extremely dry conditions.
Cultivation Methods
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. thrives best in tropical climates, making it mainly grown in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The plant prefers well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5, rich in organic matter, and a temperature range of 25 to 35 °C. The recommended propagation method is through seedlings planted in soil mixed with compost and aged manure at a ratio of 1:1:1. The seedlings should be kept in a shaded area when initially planted until they reach a height of 30-40 cm and are ready to be transplanted.
Watering Needs
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. requires regular watering, especially during the dry season, to keep the soil moist. However, too much water may result in root rot, so it's essential to ensure adequate drainage. An average of 1200 mm of rainfall is ideal for the plant, but supplemental irrigation may be necessary in regions with insufficient rainfall. Frequent monitoring of soil moisture levels is crucial to ensure the plant's healthy growth and prevent waterlogging.
Fertilization
Fertilization is essential for the proper development of Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. plants. Organic fertilizers such as aged manure, compost, and plant-based fertilizers are most effective in promoting growth. The recommended application rate is 3-5 kg of compost per square meter of land during planting, followed by a top dressing of 2-3 kg of aged manure or plant-based fertilizers every four to six months during the growing season. Nutrient deficiencies can result in stunted growth and reduced yield, so regular soil testing is recommended to monitor nutrient levels.
Pruning
Pruning is essential for maintaining the proper shape and health of Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. plants. It involves removing dead, diseased, or damaged branches and stems to stimulate new growth and prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Pruning also promotes uniform growth, increases air circulation, and allows for better light penetration. The best time to prune is during the dry season when the plant is dormant. Care should be taken not to prune too much, as this can result in reduced yield.
Propagation of Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth.
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. commonly called the velvetbean, is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is a perennial shrub that can grow up to 3 meters tall. In its natural habitat, the plant is propagated through seeds and stem cuttings.
Seed Propagation
Propagation of Derris uliginosa through seeds is an easy method. The seeds of the plant can be collected from the pods when they are dry. The collected seeds are then soaked in water at room temperature for 24 hours before planting. The planting can be done in a nursery bed or in pots with well-draining soil. The seeds should be covered with a layer of soil that is twice their size. The nursery bed should be kept moist until the seeds germinate, which usually takes about 2 weeks. After the seedlings are established, they can be transplanted into the desired location.
Stem Cutting Propagation
Propagation of Derris uliginosa through stem cuttings is also an effective method. The stem cuttings should be taken from mature, healthy plants with a sharp and sterilized blade. The cuttings should be 10-15 cm long and preferably taken from the base of the plant. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormone. The cuttings can then be planted in pots or nursery beds filled with well-draining soil. The cuttings should be watered regularly and kept in a shaded area until they develop root systems. After the formation of a healthy root ball, the young plants can be transplanted into the desired location.
Propagation of Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. is relatively easy through both seed and stem cutting methods. With appropriate conditions, the young plants can grow into mature shrubs in 2-3 years.
Disease and Pest Management for Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth.
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. is a tropical plant species that is commonly affected by a variety of diseases and pests. These can significantly reduce yield and affect the overall health of plants. As such, it is essential to manage diseases and pests using appropriate techniques to ensure excellent yields and better plant health.
Common Diseases:
Leaf Spot: Leaf spot disease is a common problem in Derris uliginosa. It is caused by the fungus Cercospora derridis, and the infected leaves develop small, dark spots. These spots may grow, coalesce, and eventually lead to defoliation. To manage leaf spot, cultural practices such as good sanitation are critical. For instance, remove and destroy infected debris and ensure proper spacing of plants to promote good air circulation.
Root Rot: Phytophthora parasitica is the most common soil-borne pathogen that causes root rot in Derris uliginosa. Symptoms include stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and eventual wilting. To manage root rot, use resistant varieties, promote good drainage, and avoid overwatering.
Common Pests:
Spider Mites: Spider mites are common pests that can cause significant damage to Derris uliginosa. They suck the sap from the plant, causing yellowing and eventual death of leaves. To control spider mites, use insecticidal soap or horticultural oils, which can suffocate the pests. Alternatively, introduce natural predators such as ladybugs or lacewings.
Mealybugs: Mealybugs attack the plant by sucking the sap from the stalks and leaves. They also produce a sticky substance called honeydew that encourages the growth of sooty mold. To control mealybugs, apply insecticidal soap or horticultural oil directly to the pests or use a systemic insecticide.
By implementing good sanitation practices and using appropriate pesticides when necessary, it is possible to manage common diseases and pests that affect Derris uliginosa. It's also crucial to monitor the plant closely for any signs of infection or infestation so that appropriate management strategies can be implemented quickly.
