Overview of Cyphostemma unguiformifolius
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius (C.A.Sm.) Desc. is a vine-like plant that belongs to the family of Vitaceae. Its synonym name is Cissus unguiformifolius C.A.Sm. and commonly known as Nrwe in Mende language, in Sierra Leone.
Origin and Habitat
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is native to tropical West Africa and can be found in countries such as Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia. It typically grows in hot and dry environments, often in rocky savannas.
Appearance
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is a succulent plant that can grow up to five metres in length. It has a woody trunk and thick, succulent stems that are shaded green to brown on its surface. The leaves are arranged alternatively along the stem with an elongated oval shape. Leaves are hairless, and measure about 6 to 25 cm in length and 3 to 10 cm in width. Cyphostemma unguiformifolius mature leaves are slightly darker, and its new shoots come with maroon red leaves, which are fascinating.
Uses
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius plays an essential role in traditional medicine for local communities in West Africa. It is used in treating various ailments, including fever, wounds, diarrhoea, and ulcers. It is known to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant root can be boiled and ingested as a decoction or chewed as a remedy for toothaches. In some African countries, the roots are powdered and used as spices in cooking for various dishes.
In addition to its medicinal uses, the plant has significant horticultural potential and can be used as ornamental plants, because of its thick brownish-green stems and leaves and its lush foliage.
Light Requirements:
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius thrives in full sun and partial shade. It requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day to grow optimally. The plant can withstand mostly sunny conditions but cannot survive prolonged exposure to extreme heat.
Temperature Requirements:
The plant prefers moderate temperatures within the range of 18 - 26 degree Celsius for optimal growth. The plant cannot survive frost or sub-zero temperatures. The ideal temperature range for the plant is 20 - 24 degree Celsius.
Soil Requirements:
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius thrives in well-drained soils with good fertility. The plant requires a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.5. The soil should be rich in organic matter, and it should not be too dry or too wet. The plant does not tolerate waterlogged soils and is prone to root rot in such conditions. Sandy loam soils are ideal for the plant.
Cultivation Methods for Cyphostemma unguiformifolius
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius thrives best in warm and dry climates with well-drained soils. It is crucial to grow this plant in full to partial sunlight exposure for it to bloom correctly. In addition, it requires adequate airflow to discourage fungal diseases.
You can propagate Cyphostemma unguiformifolius by using stem cuttings. Take the cutting during the plant's dormant period and place it in sandy soils to encourage root formation. Once the roots become established, you can transplant the plant into a prepared bed or container.
Watering needs
Proper watering is crucial to the growth of Cyphostemma unguiformifolius. Water the plant deeply and thoroughly, then allow the soil to dry out before the next watering session. In cold seasons, water sparingly since excessive moisture can lead to root rot. Additionally, avoid wetting the aerial parts as this can lead to fungal infections.
Fertilization
Provide Cyphostemma unguiformifolius with a balanced fertilizer every two months, starting from the beginning of the growing season. Use a soluble fertilizer, and follow the manufacturer's instruction for the correct dosage. Alternatively, you can make your liquid fertilizer by steeping well-rotted manure in water for several days and using the extract to water your plant.
Pruning
Pruning Cyphostemma unguiformifolius helps to maintain its shape, improves airflow, and encourage the growth of new shoots. Prune the plant in the early spring, before the growing season begins. Remove any dead, weak, or damaged stems, and cut back overgrown branches to the desired size. Use a sharp and sterilized pair of pruning shears to prevent the spread of diseases.
Propagation of Cyphostemma unguiformifolius
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is propagated by both seeds and stem cuttings. It is essential to select healthy cuttings for propagation to increase the chances of successful rooting. Reproduction through seeds has a lower percentage of success compared to propagation through cuttings.
Propagation by Seeds
To propagate Cyphostemma unguiformifolius by seeds, it is essential to select ripe fruits from the parent plant. The seeds should be collected and sowed in a well-draining potting mix. The potting mix should be kept moist but not waterlogged. The seeds germinate within 2 to 3 weeks. It is crucial to keep the seedlings under partial shade to protect them from direct sunlight.
Propagation by Stem Cuttings
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is propagated by stem cuttings taken during the growing season. It is essential to select healthy cuttings with no signs of disease or damage. The length of the cutting should be around six inches, and it should not have any flowers or fruit. The leaves should be removed from the bottom half of the cutting.
Afterward, the cutting should be allowed to dry for a day or two to allow the wound to callus. The cutting should be planted in a well-draining potting mix and watered regularly. It is crucial to keep the cutting under partial shade to prevent direct sunlight. The cutting will root within 4 to 8 weeks.
Disease and Pest Management for Cyphostemma unguiformifolius
Cyphostemma unguiformifolius (C.A.Sm.) Desc. is a drought-tolerant plant species found in arid regions of southern Africa. Despite its hardiness, the plant is susceptible to certain diseases and pests that can affect its overall growth and health. Effective disease and pest management strategies can help protect this valuable plant species.
Common Diseases
One common disease that affects Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is powdery mildew. This fungal disease appears as a white powdery substance on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant. To manage powdery mildew, remove and destroy any infected plant parts and improve air circulation around the plant by pruning and spacing. Additionally, applying fungicides like neem oil or sulfur can help control powdery mildew.
Another common disease that affects Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is root rot. Root rot is caused by soil-borne pathogens that thrive in wet or poorly-drained soil conditions. To manage root rot, avoid overwatering the plant and ensure that the soil is well-drained. Infected plants should be removed and destroyed to prevent the spread of the disease.
Common Pests
One common pest that affects Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is spider mites. These tiny pests feed on the plant's sap and cause yellowing, curling, and browning of the leaves. To manage spider mites, regularly spray the plants with a strong stream of water to dislodge and remove the pests. Additionally, applying insecticidal soap or neem oil can help control spider mites.
Another common pest that affects Cyphostemma unguiformifolius is mealybugs. These small insects form cottony masses on the stems and leaves and can cause stunted growth and yellowing of the plant. To manage mealybugs, remove and destroy any infected plant parts and use a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol to remove the pests from the plant. Applying neem oil or insecticidal soap can also help control mealybugs.
With proper disease and pest management strategies, Cyphostemma unguiformifolius can thrive and contribute to the beauty and diversity of the garden landscape.
