Cyphostemma sesquipedale (Gilg) Desc. - Description, Origin, and Common Names
Cyphostemma sesquipedale is a succulent plant species that belongs to the family of Vitaceae. It is a unique plant found in the arid zones of southern Africa. Commonly known as "Hottentot bread," "Tontelbos," "Kaapse broodboom," "Kambro," or "Tree Grape," this plant grows up to a height of 5-10 meters with a diameter of around 20 cm.
The plant is characterized by its thick, succulent stem that it stores water in. It has an extensive root system that interlocks, helping it to survive in drought-prone regions. The succulent stem of the plant is covered by a fibrous bark that peels off to give it a unique appearance.
Uses of Cyphostemma sesquipedale
The plant has several uses, especially in traditional medicine. The local communities in southern Africa use the sap from its stem to treat stomach problems such as indigestion, colic, and diarrhea. The stem's juice is popularly known for its medicinal value for treating snake bites and other insect bites.
Additionally, it is used for food, where locals bake bread from the stem's starchy tissue. The process involves peeling off the fibrous bark and drying the soft tissue. The dried tissue is then crushed into a fine powder and mixed with wheat flour to make bread.
General Appearance
Cyphostemma sesquipedale is a succulent plant species that can grow up to 5-10 m tall with a diameter of 20 cm. The bark of its stem is fibrous and peels off, revealing a green, succulent, and watery flesh. The plant has extensive roots that help it penetrate deep into the soil to find water during the long dry spells. The foliage of the plant is sparse, with lobed leaves that resemble those of the grapevine. The plant's flowers and fruit develop at the end of long stalks, with the fruit resembling grapes hence the common name "Tree Grape."
Light Requirements
The Cyphostemma sesquipedale plant requires a lot of sunlight for proper growth and development. It thrives in bright, direct sunlight, making it well-suited for outdoor growing. However, in areas with hot temperatures, the plant may require some shade during the hottest part of the day, especially in the afternoon.
Temperature Requirements
Cyphostemma sesquipedale is a tropical plant that requires warm temperatures year-round. It grows best in temperatures ranging between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. If the temperatures fall below 15 degrees Celsius, the plant will slow down its growth and might start to wilt eventually.
Soil Requirements
The plant requires well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and nutrients. It prefers slightly acidic soil with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. In addition to that, this plant requires a good mix of sand and loam to provide aeration for the roots. A fertile soil type will result in better growth rates and overall health of the plant.
Cultivation Methods for Cyphostemma sesquipedale
Cyphostemma sesquipedale is a remarkably resilient plant that thrives well under diverse cultivation methods. The plant prefers a well-draining soil mix and is best grown in containers or raised beds. It is ideally cultivated in regions with warm temperatures and a tropical climate.
When planting Cyphostemma sesquipedale, ensure its rhizomes are completely buried but exposed to sunlight. Furthermore, plant the tubers or the cutting approximately one inch below the soil surface.
Watering Needs for Cyphostemma sesquipedale
Cyphostemma sesquipedale has minimal watering needs and is best watered sparingly, enabling the soil to dry fully between watering sessions. However, avoid overwatering the plant, as it may cause root rot and lead to plant death.
When irrigating Cyphostemma sesquipedale, ensure the water has infiltrated approximately two-thirds of the container or planter's height, allowing it to seep through the drainage holes at the bottom.
Fertilization for Cyphostemma sesquipedale
Fertilizer application is essential in bolstering the growth and development of Cyphostemma sesquipedale. Incorporate a balanced fertilizer into the soil mixture after planting to replenish the plant's minerals.
Additionally, apply the fertilizer a couple of times during the growing season, preferably during the spring and early summer months, to encourage new growth.
Pruning Techniques for Cyphostemma sesquipedale
Cyphostemma sesquipedale requires minimal pruning, but when necessary, prune out any dead or severely damaged plant parts to encourage optimal growth. Ensure to use sterilized tools to avoid infections on the plant.
Additionally, remove any foliage or branches that interfere with the plant's healthy growth and appearance. Pruning should only occur when necessary, preferably during the plant's dormant season, mainly when the Cyphostemma sesquipedale is not actively growing.
Propagation of Cyphostemma sesquipedale (Gilg) Desc.
Cyphostemma sesquipedale (Gilg) Desc. can be propagated using various methods.
Seed propagation
One of the simplest methods of propagation of C. sesquipedale is through seeds. The seeds should be planted in a well-draining potting mix. The seeds should be lightly covered with soil and kept moist. The seeds will usually germinate within 2-3 weeks.
Stem cuttings
C. sesquipedale can also be propagated using stem cuttings. The cuttings should be taken from healthy, mature plants and should be 6-8 inches long. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be allowed to dry for a day or two. The cuttings can then be planted in a well-draining potting mix and kept moist. The cuttings will develop roots within a few weeks.
Air layering
Air layering is another method of propagation used for C. sesquipedale. This method involves making a cut in a healthy stem and applying rooting hormone. The cut area is then covered with moist sphagnum moss and plastic wrap. Once roots have formed, the rooted stem can be cut off and planted in a pot with well-draining potting mix.
Grafting
Grafting is another method of propagation that can be used for C. sesquipedale. The plant is grafted onto a rootstock of a related species, which provides the newly grafted plant with a more extensive root system and allows it to grow faster. Grafting can be done either by using a bud graft or a whip graft technique.
Disease Management
Cyphostemma sesquipedale (Gilg) Desc. is a relatively healthy plant that is prone to only a few fungal diseases. One of the most common diseases affecting this plant is Powdery Mildew.
Powdery mildew can cause the leaves of the plant to become white or grayish, and plants can become stunted. To manage this disease, you should always remove infected leaves and dispose of them properly. It would help if you also avoided overhead watering, as moisture on the leaves increases the chances of fungal growth. Use fungicides if the disease persists. A mixture of baking soda and water sprayed directly onto the plant can also help control powdery mildew on contact.
Pest Management
The most common pests that may attack Cyphostemma sesquipedale (Gilg) Desc. are mealybugs, spider mites, and thrips.
Mealybugs are small, soft-bodied insects that suck sap from the plant, making it look wilted. Regularly monitoring and frequent mechanical removal of mealybugs are the most effective ways to control this pest. Naturally occurring predators such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps can also help keep mealybug populations in check.
Spider mites like hot and dry conditions. They feed on the underside of the leaves and can cause leaf yellowing and premature leaf drop. Rinse the plant thoroughly with a strong jet of water, or apply insecticidal sprays to control spider mites. Natural enemies such as predatory mites are available commercially and can be used to control spider mites
Thrips are tiny insects that cause leaf curling and discoloration. They feed on the sap extracted from the plants. They can be managed by using insecticidal solutions or neem oil. Encourage natural enemies such as predatory mites, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, which can help control thrips.
