Overview
Cyphostemma masukuense (Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum Verdc. is a flowering plant of the family Vitaceae and is native to Africa. It is a perennial vine that can grow up to 3m in length.
Common Names
The plant is commonly known as Masuku Mountain Grape, Masuku Klimop, and Muheha.
Appearance
The plant has a cylindrical stem that is woody and covered with a velvety and rusty brown pubescence. Its leaves are bright green, oval-shaped, lobed, and often have a heart-shaped base. The flowers are greenish-yellow, small, and appear in clusters. The plant produces globular fruit that is up to 2 cm in diameter and has a shiny, smooth, and black skin when ripe.
Uses
The plant's leaves and roots are used in traditional medicine for various ailments such as diarrhea, stomach ulcers, and dysentery. The fruit is also edible and is used to make a type of wine. The plant is also used as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes.
Light Requirements
Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum is adapted to withstand intense sunlight. For optimal growth, the plant requires bright light and at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Insufficient light results in poor growth and leaf drop. Indoors, place the plant near a southeast or south-facing window to benefit from the maximum amount of light as it grows.
Temperature Requirements
This plant is native to the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe with a warm to hot climate. As such, it requires warm temperatures to thrive. The ideal temperature range for growth is between 18°C and 30°C. This plant will not tolerate frost. Temperatures below 10°C will cause damage to the leaves and stems, leading to wilting and death of the plant.
Soil Requirements
Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum is well adapted to grow in sandy, well-draining soils. The soil should be sufficed humus and should be slightly acidic, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. For outdoor cultivation, the soil should be prepared by digging in organic matter such as compost or well-aged manure to improve the soil structure and fertility. In the garden or potting mix, add perlite or pumice as a soil amendment to aid in drainage and prevent soil compaction. The plant does not tolerate waterlogged soils and, as such, it is crucial to ensure there is proper drainage in the soil
Cultivation
Cyphostemma masukuense requires well-draining soil and prefers a location with partial shade. It is recommended to plant the vine in a sandy loam soil mix to avoid waterlogging which may lead to fungal infections. As a climbing vine, it requires a trellis or support to help it climb. The plant is dormant during the winter season and can be propagated during the spring season.
Watering Needs
It is essential to regularly water the Cyphostemma masukuense vine during the growing season. Watering should be reduced during winter when the plant is dormant. Overwatering the plant may cause root rot, while under-watering can lead to wilting and drying of leaves. It is advisable to water the plant when the topsoil is dry to touch.
Fertilization
Regular fertilization is necessary to promote healthy growth and flowering in Cyphostemma masukuense vine. During the growing season, feed the plant with an organic fertilizer every two weeks. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions to avoid over-fertilizing, which could lead to salt toxicity.
Pruning
Cyphostemma masukuense vine requires pruning to maintain its shape and improve air circulation. Prune the vine during the dormant season, removing any dead or damaged branches. Pruning is also necessary during the growing season to control the size of the plant and encourage the growth of lateral branches. It is recommended to use sharp pruning shears to avoid damaging the plant.
Propagation of Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum
Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum can be propagated through both seed and stem cuttings. The choice of propagation method mainly depends on the availability of the plant's matured stem or seeds, the ease of propagation, and the desired growing method.
Propagation through seed
The easiest and natural way of propagating Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum is through seed. You can harvest matured seeds from a healthy plant and store them in a dry and cool place. Sow the seeds in a well-draining potting mix, and cover them with 1-2 cm of the substrate. Keep the soil moist and warm (around 25°C) until germination, which usually occurs within two to three weeks, and then reduce the moisture level. It takes around two to three months for the seedlings to establish and show vigorous growth.
Propagation through stem cuttings
Cyphostemma masukuense subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum can be propagated through stem cuttings, too. Choose a matured and healthy stem, about 15-20 cm long. You can take stem cuttings at any time of the year, but the best time is in early spring. Ensure that the cutting has at least four nodes and remove the leaves on the bottom two nodes. Dip the cut ends in a rooting hormone and plant them in a well-draining potting mix. Mist the cuttings and cover them with a plastic bag to increase humidity levels. Keep them in partial to complete shade, and do not let the soil dry out. It usually takes around three to four weeks for the roots to appear. After rooting, gradually increase the light levels and decrease the humidity levels and start fertilizing.
Disease Management
The following are common diseases that may affect Cyphostemma masukuense (Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum Verdc.:
- Leaf spots
- Powdery mildew
- Root rot
To manage these diseases, here are some suggested methods:
- Preventive measures such as good air circulation and proper water drainage can reduce the likelihood of leaf spots and powdery mildew.
- Use of fungicides can help control powdery mildew and leaf spots. Applying protective fungicide sprays to the leaves of the plant can also help with disease control.
- Root rot can be avoided by controlling the amount of water the plant is receiving. Overwatering should be avoided, and the plant should be planted in well-draining soil.
Pest Management
Common pests that may affect Cyphostemma masukuense (Baker) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. ferrugineo-velutinum Verdc. include:
- Mealybugs
- Scale insects
- Spider mites
To manage these pests, here are some suggested methods:
- Manual removal of pests through wiping or spraying with water can help control pest infestations.
- Use of insecticides, such as neem oil or soapy water, can also help control these pests.
- Regular monitoring of the plant can help detect pest infestations early, and immediate action can be taken to prevent damage to the plant.
