Cyphomandra crassifolia: Description and General Appearance
Cyphomandra crassifolia, also known as the tree tomato, is a small tree or shrub that belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The plant is native to the Andes region of South America and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world.
The tree tomato can grow up to 4m tall and develops a broad branching system. The leaves are medium to large and are lobed with prominent veins that are bright green in color. The plant produces abundant flowers that are small and white or lilac in color. The fruit produced by the tree tomato is generally egg-shaped and has a thick and smooth skin. The ripe fruit comes in different colors, including yellow, red, and purple, and contains juicy pulp filled with numerous small seeds. The taste of the fruit is described as sweet, tangy, and slightly acidic.
Common Names
The Cyphomandra crassifolia is commonly known as tree tomato, tamarillo (in New Zealand), tomate de árbol (in Spanish), and tomate andino (in South America).
Uses
The tree tomato is widely cultivated for its sweet and juicy fruit, which is used in a variety of culinary preparations. The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and is commonly used to make jams, jellies, sauces, and drinks. The plant is also used in traditional medicine and is believed to have medicinal properties that can help treat various ailments, including inflammation, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. The leaves of the tree tomato are used in folk medicine as well, and are believed to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, the wood of the tree tomato is used for fuel and to make tool handles and poles.
Light Requirements
Cyphomandra crassifolia requires a lot of sunlight to grow optimally. Full sun exposure is the best option as it enhances growth and fruit yield. However, it can also withstand partial shade, therefore, it can be grown alongside taller plants that can provide a little shade during the hottest part of the day.
Temperature Requirements
The optimal temperature for the growth of Cyphomandra crassifolia ranges between 18 – 28°C. The plant cannot tolerate frost and should not be exposed to temperatures below 5°C. Therefore, it should be grown in warm climatic regions where temperatures remain above the minimum requirement for healthy growth, and cold temperatures should be avoided at all costs.
Soil Requirements
Cyphomandra crassifolia prefers well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. The pH of the soil should be between 6.0 to 7.5. The plant does not do well in heavy clay soil, as it may lead to waterlogging, which could cause root rot. Sandy loam soils are ideal for the growth of this plant. In addition, regular soil testing can help the grower determine any nutrient deficiencies in the soil that may hinder plant growth.
Cultivation Methods
Cyphomandra crassifolia, or tamarillo, is a perennial shrub that is relatively easy to grow. It prefers well-draining soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5 and a warm and humid climate. The plant can be propagated from seeds or cuttings.
It is advisable to plant tamarillo in a sheltered spot that receives full sunlight. The plant can reach up to three meters in height, and it requires support as it grows. Trellis or stakes can be used to support the growth of the plant.
Watering Needs
The plant requires regular watering, especially during dry weather. The soil should always be moist but not waterlogged, as this can cause root rot. It is important to ensure that the plant is supplied with water at the base and not on the leaves as this will reduce the risk of fungal diseases.
Fertilization
Tamarillo plants are heavy feeders and require regular fertilization to thrive. Fertilizer should be applied during the growing season, which is usually spring and summer. Organic fertilizers are the best option for tamarillo plants as they are less likely to cause damage to the plant.
A balanced fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 10-10-10 or 12-12-12 can be used. Apply the fertilizer according to the manufacturer's instructions, or half a pound per plant every four months.
Pruning
Pruning is necessary to promote the growth of the tamarillo plant and to reduce the risk of disease. It is recommended to prune the plant during the late winter or early spring after the fruit has been harvested.
The main stem should be pruned to encourage branching, and any dead or diseased branches should be removed. The remaining branches should be cut back to the main stem to prevent overgrowth and to promote fruit production. It is also important to remove any suckers that grow at the base of the plant.
Propagation of Cyphomandra crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze
Cyphomandra crassifolia, commonly known as tree tomato or tamarillo, is a perennial fruit-bearing plant native to South and Central America. To propagate this plant, gardeners have several methods to choose from, including:
Seed propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method of propagating Cyphomandra crassifolia. Collect ripe fruits and extract the seeds. After cleaning, cover them with a light layer of soil, which should be kept moist. In about two weeks, small seedlings will emerge, and when they grow to about 10 cm tall, they can be transplanted to individual pots or directly into the garden.
Cutting propagation
Another way to propagate Cyphomandra crassifolia is through stem cuttings. Choose a healthy stem and cut it off, leaving about 15-30 cm in length. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end into rooting hormone. Insert the stem into moist soil, cover it with a plastic bag to keep humidity high, and keep the soil moist. In 2-3 weeks, roots will develop, and the plant can be transplanted into a larger container or directly into the garden.
Grafting propagation
Grafting propagation is another option to propagate Cyphomandra crassifolia and is ideal for growers looking to maintain a particular variety. Collect scion wood from a healthy, productive tree, making a clean cut just below the node. You can then graft this onto rootstock from another plant or onto seedlings of the same species.
Overall, the method used for propagation depends on the grower's preferences, the available resources, and the intended use of the plant. With any method, it is crucial to maintain proper humidity and keep the soil moist until the new plants are well-established.
Disease and Pest Management for Cyphomandra crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze
Proper disease and pest management practices are necessary to ensure the healthy growth of Cyphomandra crassifolia. This tropical plant species is known to be susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests. Hence, proper care must be taken to protect it from these damaging agents.
Common Diseases affecting Cyphomandra crassifolia
One of the most common diseases affecting Cyphomandra crassifolia is powdery mildew. This fungal disease is characterized by the appearance of a white, powdery coating on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant. To manage this disease, it is recommended to avoid overhead irrigation, ensure good air circulation, and apply appropriate fungicides. Another common disease affecting this plant is leaf spot, which is caused by a bacterial pathogen. Symptoms of this disease include circular, necrotic lesions on the leaves. To manage leaf spot, it is recommended to remove and destroy infected plant parts, apply appropriate fungicides, and avoid overhead irrigation.
Common Pests affecting Cyphomandra crassifolia
Aphids and spider mites are among the most common pests affecting Cyphomandra crassifolia. Aphids are small insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing distorted growth and the production of honeydew. Spider mites, on the other hand, suck the sap from the leaves and produce webbing. To manage these pests, it is recommended to apply appropriate pesticides, ensure good air circulation, and keep the plants well-watered and fertilized. Another pest that attacks this plant is the fruit fly, which causes damage to the fruit. To manage fruit flies, it is recommended to use appropriate traps and baits, and to harvest the fruit promptly.
In summary, Cyphomandra crassifolia is susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests, but with proper care and management practices, it is possible to prevent and control these issues. By following the recommended guidelines, gardeners can ensure that their plants remain healthy and productive.
