Overview
Cynanchum capense R.Br. is a member of the Apocynaceae family, which is largely native to areas of Africa.
Common Names
Common names for Cynanchum capense include Bitterwortel, Bokdoring, and Bergloerie.
Appearance
Cynanchum capense is a perennial herb or climbing vine with a woody base. The plant can reach up to 2 meters in height and has narrow, oblong to elliptical leaves. The leaves are hairless, with a glossy surface and are deep green in colour. The plant produces small, pale green flowers, which are followed by seed pods that are about 8-10 cm long, slender and tapered.
Uses
Cynanchum capense has been used in traditional healing practices for a variety of ailments, including snake bites, coughs, and gastrointestinal issues. More recently, it has been studied for potential anti-cancer properties due to its cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Additionally, the plant's root is known to contain a bitter compound called Cynocrambine, which is used as an appetite stimulant in some traditional medicine systems.
Light Requirements
Cynanchum capense R.Br. prefer moderate to full sunlight to grow and thrive. The plant can tolerate partial shade, but too much of it can hinder growth and result in the plant becoming leggy. Adequate sunlight helps the plant to develop healthy foliage and flowers. Growers are therefore advised to expose the plant to sunlight for at least six hours daily, especially during the growing season.
Temperature Requirements
Cynanchum capense R.Br. is native to Africa and thrives in regions with warm temperatures. The plant prefers average summer temperatures ranging from 18°C to 30°C (64°F to 86°F). In the winter, the plant requires lower temperatures of about 5°C to10°C (41°F to 50°F). However, the plant can be tolerant to cold conditions but requires protection from freezing during winter.
Soil Requirements
The plant thrives in loose, well-draining soils to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot. Cynanchum capense R.Br. prefers loamy soils rich in organic matter. The optimum pH range for the plant is 6.0 to 7.0, which is slightly acidic to neutral. In areas with sandy soils, adding organic compost increases soil fertility and promotes plant growth. The plant also requires occasional fertilization with balanced nutrients to encourage healthy growth.
Cultivation Methods
Cynanchum capense R.Br. is a low-maintenance plant that is relatively easy to grow. It prefers a sunny location and well-draining soil. The plant can be propagated from seeds or stem cuttings. If using seeds, sow them in a seedbed during springtime, covering lightly with soil. Stem cuttings should be taken during the summer, dipped in rooting hormone, and planted in a well-draining soil mix. If starting indoors, use bottom heat to encourage rooting.
Watering Needs
Cynanchum capense R.Br. requires moderate but consistent watering during the growing season. Water the plant deeply once a week, but avoid overwatering to prevent root rot. Check the soil moisture regularly by inserting your finger into the soil. If the top inch of soil feels dry, it is time to water the plant. Reduce watering in the winter months to prevent waterlogging.
Fertilization
Although Cynanchum capense R.Br. is not a heavy feeder, it benefits from occasional fertilization during the growing season. Use a balanced fertilizer once a month, applying according to the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid over-fertilization, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowering.
Pruning
Cynanchum capense R.Br. may require occasional pruning to maintain its shape and prevent it from becoming too leggy. Prune the plant during the summer after flowering has finished. Use clean, sharp pruning shears to cut back any deadwood or spent flowers. Avoid cutting into the woody portion of the stem, as this can damage the plant. If the plant becomes too large, prune it back to a manageable size.
Propagation of Cynanchum capense R.Br.
Cynanchum capense R.Br. is a perennial plant that is usually propagated through seeds or stem cuttings.
Seed Propagation
Seeds of Cynanchum capense R.Br. are small and require careful handling to ensure successful germination. The best time to collect seeds is when they are mature, usually in the fall. The seeds should be cleaned and soaked in water overnight to soften the seed coat before sowing. The seeds can be sown in seed trays filled with a well-draining soil mix. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil and water them gently. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged and place the seed tray in a warm, bright area. The seeds should germinate in two to four weeks.
Stem cutting propagation
Cynanchum capense R.Br. can also be propagated through stem cuttings. Cuttings should be taken from healthy, mature plants in the spring or fall. Cuttings should be about 10 cm long, with a few leaves attached. Dip the end of the cutting in rooting hormone, then plant it in a well-draining soil mix. Water the cutting gently and keep it in a warm, bright area. It should start rooting in about four to six weeks.
Both seed and stem cutting propagation methods require adequate care and patience in rooting, transplanting, and growing of the plant.
Disease and Pest Management for Cynanchum capense R.Br.
Cynanchum capense R.Br. is susceptible to several pests and diseases, which can damage the health of the plant and affect its growth and appearance. Here are some of the common diseases and pests that might affect Cynanchum capense R.Br.:
Diseases
Fungal infections: Cynanchum capense R.Br. can be affected by various fungal infections, including powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot. Powdery mildew causes a white, powdery coating on the leaves, while leaf spots cause dark, circular spots on the foliage. Root rot affects the roots and can cause the plant to wilt and die.
Bacterial infections: Cynanchum capense R.Br. can also be affected by bacterial infections, such as bacterial blight, which causes the leaves to wilt and turn brown.
Pests
Aphids: Aphids are small, sap-sucking insects that can cause damage to the leaves and stems of Cynanchum capense R.Br. plants. They secrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which can attract other pests, such as ants.
Spider mites: Spider mites are tiny pests that suck the sap from the leaves of Cynanchum capense R.Br. plants, causing them to turn yellow and drop prematurely.
Management
Prevention: The best way to manage pests and diseases is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. Ensure that your Cynanchum capense R.Br. plant is growing in well-drained soil and that it receives adequate sunlight and water. Practice good hygiene by removing any diseased or pest-infested plant material from around the plant.
Biological control: Biological control involves using natural predators to control pests. For example, ladybugs can be introduced to the garden to control aphids.
Chemical control: If a pest or disease problem is severe, chemical control may be necessary. However, it is important to use these methods as a last resort and to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Use a systemic fungicide for fungal infections and a systemic insecticide for pests like spider mites and aphids.
By following these management practices, you can help ensure the health and vitality of your Cynanchum capense R.Br. plant and protect it from pests and diseases.
