Origin and Common Names
Cyclosorus quadrangularis (Fée) Tardieu-Blot, p.p. is a fern species native to southeastern Asia, particularly found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is commonly known as the Square-stemmed Shield Fern, Square-stemmed Cyclosorus, Square-stemmed Wood Fern, and Xiang Che.
General Appearance
The Square-stemmed Shield Fern is a small to medium-sized fern that typically reaches a height of 30-90 cm. Its fronds are triangular-shaped with a tapering tip and a truncate base, and they can grow up to 90 cm long and 40 cm wide. The blades are thin, papery, and bright green, sometimes with a purplish or reddish tinge. The lower surface of the blade is covered with sporangia, which are arranged in round to elongated sori.
The most distinguishing characteristic of this fern species is its square-shaped stem, which is glossy, green, and covered with brownish scales. The stem can grow up to a height of 1 cm and has a creeping habit, slowly forming dense clumps of ferns over time. The roots of the Square-stemmed Shield Fern are shallow and fibrous, making it easy to transplant and propagate.
Uses
Cyclosorus quadrangularis (Fée) Tardieu-Blot, p.p. is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, parks, and public spaces due to its distinct square stem, bright green foliage, and easy cultivation. The fern prefers partial shade and moist, well-draining soil, making it a popular choice for landscaping in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, the Square-stemmed Shield Fern has medicinal properties and is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, such as fever, cough, and stomach pains. The fern contains flavonoids, tannins, and other compounds that have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects.
Light Requirements
Cyclosorus quadrangularis prefers bright but indirect light. Direct sunlight can scorch its leaves, while too little light can stunt its growth. It's best to place the plant near a window with sheer curtains or in a well-lit room that receives ample natural light. Artificial light can also be used to supplement natural light if needed.
Temperature Requirements
This fern thrives in warm temperatures, with a range between 18 to 27°C (65 to 80°F). It can tolerate cooler temperatures for short periods but is sensitive to cold drafts or sudden temperature drops. To maintain optimal growth, it's essential to place the plant in a room with consistent temperatures and avoid exposing it to extreme fluctuations.
Soil Requirements
Cyclosorus quadrangularis requires moist, well-draining soil rich in organic matter. A commercial potting mix combined with peat moss, perlite, or vermiculite can provide a suitable growing medium for the plant. It's important to allow the soil to dry out slightly before re-watering, as overwatering can lead to root rot and other issues. A layer of compost or mulch on top of the soil can help retain moisture and provide additional nutrients for the plant.
Cultivation Methods
Cyclosorus quadrangularis is typically cultivated in warm, tropical climates where it can thrive in bright, indirect sunlight. It's a hardy plant that can tolerate moderate temperatures, making it a great addition to both indoor and outdoor gardens.
When growing this plant, it's important to ensure that it has plenty of room to spread out. It typically grows horizontally, with its fronds reaching outwards in all directions. Plant it in a large pot or in a well-draining area of your garden to allow it to grow to its full potential.
Watering Needs
Cyclosorus quadrangularis prefers evenly moist soil, but don't let it sit in water or become waterlogged. Water the plant when the soil on the surface begins to dry out. During periods of high humidity, the plant may require less water than it would during dry weather.
Avoid watering the plant at night, as this can create a moist environment that can encourage the growth of mildew or other fungal diseases. The best time to water the plant is in the morning or early afternoon when the sun is still up.
Fertilization
This species of fern responds well to regular fertilization, especially during its active growing season. You can use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer every two weeks to help encourage healthy growth and lush foliage.
During the winter or dormant season, you can reduce the frequency of fertilization, feeding the plant only once a month or so. Always follow the instructions on the fertilizer label and avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to damage to the plant.
Pruning
Pruning Cyclosorus quadrangularis is not necessary. However, you should remove any yellow or brown fronds as soon as you notice them. Dead or damaged fronds can be cut back to the base of the plant, making room for new growth to emerge.
If the plant becomes too large for its current space, you can gently divide it and replant it in a larger pot or in a different location. This can help encourage the plant to grow even more, creating a lush, beautiful garden display.
Propagation of Cyclosorus quadrangularis
Cyclosorus quadrangularis, commonly known as the Chinese ladder brake fern, is a perennial fern species found in tropical and subtropical regions. Propagation of this plant can be done by spores and division.
Propagation by spores
Spore propagation is one of the most common and easiest ways to propagate Cyclosorus quadrangularis. Collect the spores from mature fronds by placing a brown paper bag over the frond and shaking it gently. The spores can be stored in a paper envelope and kept in a cool, dry place. Sow the spores on a tray filled with a mixture of peat moss and sand. Keep the tray moist and covered with plastic to maintain humidity. The spores will take several months to germinate, and once they have grown into small plants, they can be transplanted into individual pots.
Propagation by division
Propagation by division is another straightforward method to increase the number of plants. This method involves carefully removing the rooted rhizomes from the parent plant and separating them into smaller sections. Each section should have several fronds and a well-developed rhizome. Plant the sections in pots filled with a well-draining potting mix. Water the pots thoroughly and place them in a partially shaded area for several weeks until new growth appears. After that, the new plants can be moved to a brighter location.
Both methods of propagation can be used to create new plants of Cyclosorus quadrangularis, and these plants can be further grown and cared for indoors or outdoors.
Disease Management
Cyclosorus quadrangularis is generally a hardy plant that is not prone to many diseases. However, it can still be affected by a few fungal and bacterial diseases that can affect its growth and overall health. Here are some common diseases that may affect the plant:
- Leaf spot: This is a fungal disease that causes circular spots on the leaves. To manage this disease, it is important to keep the plant's leaves dry by avoiding overhead watering. Remove any infected leaves and apply a fungicide according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Powdery mildew: This disease is caused by a fungus that creates a white powder-like substance on the leaves. To manage powdery mildew, increase air circulation, avoid overhead watering, remove infected leaves, and apply a fungicide according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Root rot: This disease is caused by a fungus that attacks the roots, causing them to become soft and brown. To manage this disease, avoid overwatering the plant and ensure that the soil has good drainage. Remove any infected roots and apply a fungicide according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Pest Management
While Cyclosorus quadrangularis is generally not prone to pests, it can still be affected by a few common ones. Here are some pests that may affect the plant:
- Spider mites: These pests are very small and can be difficult to see, but they create webbing on the leaves and cause them to appear yellow and dotted. To manage spider mites, increase humidity around the plant, remove any infected leaves, and apply an insecticidal soap or neem oil according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Scale insects: These pests are small and flat, and they attach themselves to the leaves and stems of the plant. To manage scale insects, remove them from the plant, either by hand or with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol. Apply an insecticidal soap or neem oil according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Mealybugs: These pests look like small tufts of cotton and can be found on the leaves and stems of the plant. To manage mealybugs, apply rubbing alcohol to the affected areas with a cotton swab, and apply an insecticidal soap or neem oil according to the manufacturer's instructions.
For any serious pest infestation or disease outbreak, it may be necessary to consult a professional or a garden center for advice.
