Overview of Crataegus enuculata Sarg.
Crataegus enuculata Sarg. is a species of hawthorn that is native to North America. It is also known as the dwarf hawthorn, or rock hawthorn. This plant belongs to the Rosaceae family and is a small, deciduous, thorny shrub that grows up to a height of 1 to 3 meters.
Description of Crataegus enuculata Sarg.
The leaves of this plant are dark green and glossy, with a double-toothed margin around the edges. They are elliptical in shape, and the underside is covered with hairs. The flowers, which bloom from May to June, are composed of five white petals, and red stamens. The fruit is a small, red pome that contains a single seed, and ripens in September. The branches of the Crataegus enuculata Sarg. are covered with short and stout spines.
Uses of Crataegus enuculata Sarg.
The Crataegus enuculata Sarg. plant has several medicinal uses. It is known to regulate the heartbeat and has a calming effect on the nervous system. It is also used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and to reduce cholesterol levels. The fruit of the plant is edible and can be used to make jams, jellies, and wine. The plant is also commonly used as an ornamental shrub, due to its beautiful, white flowers and red fruit.
General Appearance of Crataegus enuculata Sarg.
The Crataegus enuculata Sarg. is a small, deciduous shrub that has a rounded shape and can range from 1 to 3 meters in height. The leaves are dark green, glossy, and have a double-toothed margin. The flowers are white with red stamens, and the fruit is a small, red pome that ripens in September. The branches of the shrub are covered with short, stout spines. The plant is commonly used as an ornamental and has several medicinal uses.
Light Requirements
Crataegus enuculata Sarg. requires full sunlight exposure of at least six hours per day. Insufficient light can negatively affect the growth of the plant and result in leaf drop or stunted growth. Therefore, it is essential to plant the species in an open area where it can receive ample sunlight exposure.
Temperature Requirements
Crataegus enuculata Sarg. can grow in a wide range of temperatures. However, it prefers moderate temperatures that range between 15-20℃ (59-68℉) during the growing season. The plant can tolerate extreme temperatures and adapt to different climatic conditions. However, exposure to freezing temperatures can damage the leaves and result in stunted growth.
Soil Requirements
The plant requires well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter to support healthy growth. A pH between 5.5 and 6.5 is optimal for Crataegus enuculata Sarg. To enhance the soil quality, add compost or organic matter to the soil before planting or transplanting the tree. The plant can tolerate slightly acidic or alkaline soils, but it cannot grow in soil with a pH above 7.5. Avoid planting the species in areas with waterlogged soil, which can lead to root rot and stunted growth.
Cultivation Methods
Crataegus enuculata Sarg, also known as the southern hawthorn, is a hardy plant that can be grown in a wide range of soils. However, it thrives in deep, moist, sandy loam soils with good drainage. The plant prefers full sun to partial shade and can be propagated through cuttings, seedlings, and grafting.
Before planting, prepare the soil by removing any weeds and adding organic matter for better moisture retention. If planting multiple hawthorn trees, space them at least 10-15 feet apart to allow for adequate growth and air circulation.
Watering Needs
The southern hawthorn requires regular watering, especially during its early growth stages. Young plants should be watered deeply at least once a week or more often in hot, dry weather. Mature plants are generally drought-tolerant but should be watered occasionally during extended dry periods to promote growth and healthy foliage.
Avoid overwatering, as it can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. Ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging, which can also cause damage to the roots.
Fertilization
Fertilizing the southern hawthorn tree is important to promote vigorous growth and healthy foliage. Use a balanced fertilizer with a 10-10-10 or 12-12-12 NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) ratio during the spring season. Follow the package instructions on the amount and frequency of application.
During the fall season, apply a slow-release fertilizer to encourage root growth and prepare the tree for the upcoming winter months. Avoid applying fertilizer in the late summer, as it can stimulate new growth, which may be susceptible to frost damage.
Pruning
Pruning the southern hawthorn is crucial to maintain its shape, improve its health, and promote fruit production. The best time to prune the tree is during the late winter or early spring while it is still dormant.
Remove any damaged, diseased, or dead branches using sterilized pruning shears or loppers. Also, prune any branches that cross and rub against each other, as they can create wounds and encourage pests and diseases.
To encourage fruit production, thin out any small or crowded branches. Leave only the strongest branches with plenty of space to allow air circulation and sunlight penetration.
Propagation of Crataegus enuculata Sarg.
Crataegus enuculata Sarg., also known as the Pear hawthorn, can be propagated using both sexual and asexual methods. These methods include:
Seed propagation
Propagation of Crataegus enuculata Sarg. via seeds is considered the most common and straightforward method. Seeds should be collected when they are fully mature from the fruit and dried in a cool, dry place. Germination rates can be improved by fracturing the seed coat or stratification in moist peat moss for 60 to 90 days at a temperature of 1.6 to 5.6 °C.
Grafting
Grafting is widely used to propagate Crataegus enuculata Sarg. and is particularly effective for cultivars. The best time to graft is in early spring just before the buds begin to break. Whip grafting is the most common method used, but other grafting techniques such as cleft and bark grafting may also be used. A healthy rootstock should be used, and the scion should be taken from a one-year-old shoot of the desired cultivar.
Layering
Layering is a common method of propagation for Crataegus enuculata Sarg. The lower branches of the plant are bent down and covered with soil, and a portion of the branch is allowed to root before being separated from the parent plant. This technique is best done in the spring when the plant is actively growing.
Cuttings
Hardwood cuttings, taken from the previous year's growth, can also be used to propagate Crataegus enuculata Sarg. Cuttings should be taken from healthy plants in the fall and should be approximately 20cm long. The cuttings should be treated with a rooting hormone, planted in a well-draining medium, and kept in a protected area until they take root.
Disease management
Crataegus enuculata Sarg. is susceptible to various diseases, and it is essential to monitor the plant regularly for any signs of infection. The following are some common diseases that might affect the plant:
- Fabraea leaf spot: This disease manifests as purplish-black spots on the leaves and can cause premature defoliation. To manage Fabraea leaf spot, it is recommended to prune the affected areas and apply fungicides.
- Cedar-hawthorn rust: This fungal disease causes yellow spots on the upper sides of the leaves and large, bright orange spots on the undersides. Cedar-hawthorn rust can be prevented by removing cedar trees near the plant and applying fungicides.
- Fire blight: This bacterial disease causes the leaves and branches to turn brownish-black, as if they have been scorched by fire. Fire blight can be managed by pruning the affected areas and applying antibiotics.
Pest management
Crataegus enuculata Sarg. is also vulnerable to pest infestations. To prevent and manage pest problems, consider the following tips:
- Hawthorn lace bug: This pest feeds on the underside of the leaves, causing yellowing and browning. It can be controlled by pruning the affected areas and using insecticides.
- Hawthorn leafminer: This pest feeds on the leaves, causing the leaves to curl and turn brown. Using insecticides is the best way to manage Hawthorn leafminer.
- Hawthorn psyllid: This pest causes the leaves to curl and develop reddish blisters. It can be managed by removing damaged leaves and applying insecticides.
In conclusion, preventing diseases and pests is essential to maintain the health of Crataegus enuculata Sarg. Regular monitoring and early intervention can help prevent an infestation from getting out of hand.
