Origin
Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer, commonly known as the "sharp-leaved hawthorn," is a deciduous tree native to North America. It is mostly found in the eastern regions of the United States, specifically in the states of Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana.
Common Names
The plant has several common names depending on the region. They include the "large-fruited hawthorn," "downy hawthorn," "northern hawthorn," and "red hawthorn."
Uses
The sharp-leaved hawthorn has a variety of uses, both medicinal and ornamental. The tree's bark, leaves, and fruits have been traditionally used in native American medicine to treat cardiovascular and digestive disorders and reduce anxiety. Additionally, the tree's wood has been used for construction, while its attractive flowers and berries make for excellent ornamental features in landscaping.
General Appearance
The sharp-leaved hawthorn is a small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to 30 feet tall at maturity. The tree has a rounded crown with dark-green leaves that are oval-shaped with sharp, toothed edges, hence its name. In the spring, sharp-leaved hawthorns produce clusters of showy white or pink flowers that give way to red or orange berries in the fall. The tree's bark is brown and deeply furrowed with thorny branches that protect its delicate leaves and fruits from herbivores.
Light Requirements
Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer requires full sunlight to grow optimally. It can tolerate partial shading, but the growth rate may be affected. Therefore, it is recommended to plant this species in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.
Temperature Requirements
This plant species is native to the Western United States and grows well in temperate climates with moderate summers and relatively cold winters. The ideal temperature range for growth is between 15 to 25°C during the growing season. This species can tolerate moderate frost once established, but it is vulnerable to severe frost during the first few years of growth.
Soil Requirements
Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer prefers well-drained soils that are slightly acidic to moderately alkaline. The ideal soil pH range for growing this species is between 6.0 to 7.5. This species can grow in a wide range of soils, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. However, it doesn't do well in poorly drained soils that retain water for extended periods. In such soils, the roots can suffocate, leading to root rot.
Cultivation
Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer is a hardy plant that thrives in well-drained soil and full sunlight. It can grow in various soil types, including clay and sandy soils, but soil that isn't fertile requires organic matter addition. This plant requires good air circulation, which helps prevent fungal diseases.
Watering
The plant requires watering once a week during the growing season. Overwatering can damage the roots and cause root rot, so it's crucial not to water the plant frequently. It's also essential to avoid watering late in the evening as this can increase the risk of fungal diseases. The soil should dry up slightly between waterings, but it should never be dry for prolonged periods.
Fertilization
C. acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer is a light feeder, and it's crucial not to overfertilize it. Applying a balanced fertilizer once per year shortly after the plant starts growing in the spring should suffice. An organic fertilizer like compost, manure, or fish emulsion works best for these plants.
Pruning
Pruning is crucial for maintaining the plant's shape and removing dead wood to prevent pest infestations and diseases. Prune in the early spring to encourage growth and help the plant produce more flowers, fruits, and leaves. Only prune about one-third of the plant to prevent over-pruning. Remove water sprouts, suckers, and congested twiggy growth, which can affect the plant's health negatively.
Propagation of Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer
Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer, commonly known as the Bellevue hawthorn, is a small deciduous tree or shrub that belongs to the Rosaceae family. This plant is native to the United States, specifically in the central and southern regions of the Appalachian Mountains.
Propagation is an essential aspect of growing Bellevue hawthorn. There are different propagation methods available, including:
Seed propagation
Seed propagation is the most common method of growing Bellevue hawthorn. It is also the most affordable method and requires less effort. Seeds should be collected from ripe, red fruits in autumn. After collecting the fruits, they should be mashed to extract the seeds. Clean the seeds to remove any flesh or debris, then store them in a cool, dry place.
To enhance seed germination, stratification is required. This process involves exposing the seeds to cold temperatures for several weeks, usually 90-120 days. Once stratification is complete, sow the seeds in well-draining soil at a depth of ½ inch. Keep the soil moist, and seed germination should occur within 2-4 weeks.
Cuttings propagation
Cuttings propagation is another method of growing Bellevue hawthorn. Cuttings should be taken from the current year's softwood growth in early summer. Cuttings should be around 6 inches long and taken from the healthiest specimens. Remove the leaves from the bottom half of the cutting, making a slanted cut below the second node.
Dip the cutting's bottom end into rooting hormone powder to encourage root development, then insert it in a pot filled with well-draining soil. Water the soil and cover the pot with a plastic bag to retain moisture. Place the pot in a bright, indirect light and maintain high humidity by spraying the plant regularly. The cutting should develop roots within 6-8 weeks.
Grafting propagation
Grafting is the most common propagation method used for Bellevue hawthorn cultivars. Grafting involves joining two plant pieces - the rootstock and the scionwood. The rootstock is the plant's root system while the scionwood is the stem or bud from the desired plant. Grafting ensures that the plant will have the desired traits.
The best time to graft Bellevue hawthorn is in early spring before the growing season starts. The rootstock and scionwood should be of similar size. Cut both pieces at a slanted angle, making sure the cuts fit together tightly. Wrap the cut area securely with grafting tape. Place the grafted plant in a warm and bright area, maintaining high humidity to avoid withering.
Propagation of Bellevue hawthorn is essential for preserving the plant's desired traits and ensuring the plant's continued existence. By following these propagation methods, gardeners can multiply the plant and enjoy its benefits in different locations.
Disease Management
Like all plants, Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer is susceptible to various diseases. The most common diseases that affect this plant include:
- Fire Blight: This bacterial disease can cause the plant's leaves, flowers, and fruit to blacken and die. To manage fire blight, you should prune infected branches and dispose of them properly.
- Cedar-Apple Rust: This fungal disease can cause yellow spots on the leaves and deform the fruit. To manage cedar-apple rust, you should remove the plant's juniper hosts (if any) and use a fungicide spray.
- Leaf Spot: This fungal disease causes brown or black spots on leaves, leading to defoliation. To manage leaf spot, you should remove fallen leaves and use a fungicide spray.
Pest Management
Insects and other pests can also threaten the health of Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer. The most common pests that affect this plant include:
- Aphids: These sap-sucking insects can cause leaf yellowing and distortions. To manage aphids, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Japanese Beetle: These beetles can eat the plant's foliage and flowers, causing significant damage. To manage Japanese beetles, you can use hand-pick or use an insecticidal spray.
- Spider Mites: These tiny pests can cause yellowing and webbing on leaves. To manage spider mites, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
It is essential to monitor your plants for signs of disease and pest infestations regularly. Early detection and proper management can help protect your Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.) Palmer and keep them healthy.
