Overview
Crambe hispanica L. is a herbaceous plant that is mainly grown for its seeds and oil, which are used in various industries. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is commonly known as Spanish whitlowgrass, Abyssinian kale, or Ethiopian mustard.
Description
Crambe hispanica L. typically grows to a height of 60-100 cm and has a stem that is smooth and branched. The leaves are alternate, simple, and lobed, with a length of 5-15 cm and a width of 2-10 cm. The plant blooms from June to August, producing white or yellowish-white flowers that are arranged in loose racemes. The fruit is a flattened, round to oval-shaped capsule that contains 1-2 seeds.
Uses
Crambe hispanica L. is primarily cultivated for its seeds, which are high in oil (40-50%) and protein (20-27%). The oil is used in various industries, including the food, cosmetic, and industrial sectors. It is used as a substitute for rapeseed oil in the production of biodiesel due to its high erucic acid content. The plant is also eaten as a leafy vegetable in some regions of Africa, and the seeds are used as a spice in Ethiopian cuisine.
Additionally, Crambe hispanica L. has potential as a cover crop, as it can suppress weed growth and help improve soil quality through its deep root system.
Light
Crambe hispanica requires full sun exposure and thrives in areas with at least six hours of direct sunlight per day. Insufficient light can result in poor growth and smaller yields.
Temperature
The ideal temperature range for Crambe hispanica growth is between 10°C and 25°C. Temperatures above 30°C can cause stress to the plant and decrease yields. This crop can tolerate cold temperatures and frosts, making it a suitable option for temperate climates.
Soil requirements
Crambe hispanica prefers well-draining soils with a pH level that ranges from 6.5 to 7.5. It can grow in various soil textures, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. However, the soil must have good fertility levels, with adequate levels of potassium and phosphorus. Additionally, the soil should be able to hold sufficient moisture without becoming waterlogged as this can lead to root rot.
Cultivation of Crambe hispanica L.
Crambe hispanica L. is a hardy plant and can be cultivated in various soil types, including sandy loam, clay loam, and silt loam. The soil should have good drainage capabilities and a pH level between 6.0 and 7.5.
Before planting, prepare the soil by removing weeds, rocks, and debris. The soil should be tilled, and organic matter should be added to improve soil structure and fertility.
Crambe hispanica L. can be grown from seeds or transplants. Sow the seeds at a depth of ? to ¼ inches and spacing of 12 to 18 inches. Alternatively, transplants can be planted at the same spacing as seeds, and they are best planted in the spring.
Watering Needs
Crambe hispanica L. requires moderate watering and prefers moist soil. After planting, water the plants deeply once or twice a week, depending on the climate. Ensure that the top few inches of soil remain evenly moist. During drought periods, ensure that the plant receives enough water to avoid wilting.
Fertilization
Crambe hispanica L. requires moderate fertilization to achieve optimal growth and yield. Apply a balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, at a rate of 2 to 3 pounds per 100 square feet before planting. Top-dress with fertilizer after the plants have established and are actively growing. Avoid over-fertilization as it can lead to excessive leaf growth and poor yield.
Pruning
Crambe hispanica L. does not require pruning; however, it is advisable to cut back the plants after the first bloom to promote branching and delay the onset of seed development. This promotes the production of more leaves and a prolonged harvest window. Cut back the plants by ? to ½ of their height, leaving a few healthy leaves intact. Avoid cutting back the plants too late in the growing season as it can negatively impact yield.
Propagation of Crambe hispanica L.
Crambe hispanica L., commonly known as Spanish or Mediterranean kale or Abyssinian mustard, is a hardy and fast-growing plant that is propagated by both seeds and cuttings.
Seed Propagation
The most common propagation method for Crambe hispanica L. is seed propagation. Sow the seeds in well-prepared soil during the spring or fall. The seeds should be planted about 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep and spaced 12 to 18 inches apart. Germination typically occurs within 10-15 days. Thin and transplant seedlings once they're large enough to handle, leaving 18-24 inches between plants.
Cuttings Propagation
Cuttings can be taken from mature plants during the summer months when the plant is actively growing. Choose a non-flowering stem and take a 2- to the 3-inch cutting that has at least one node. Remove the lower leaves and stick the cutting in a rooting hormone before inserting it into moist sand or perlite. Keep the cutting moist and in a bright, warm place. Once roots develop, transplant the cutting into well-prepared soil.
Conclusion
Crambe hispanica L. can be propagated by both seed and cuttings. Seed propagation is the most common method. Still, cuttings propagation can be an excellent option if you want to ensure that the new plants exhibit the same growth habits and traits as the parent plant. Whatever method you choose, ensure that the environment and the soil are adequately prepared to ensure successful propagation.
Disease and Pest Management for Crambe hispanica L.
Despite its tolerance to extreme environmental conditions, Crambe hispanica L. is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can cause significant damage to yield. Here are some common diseases and pests affecting C. hispanica and how to manage them.
Diseases
Blackleg - caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani, blackleg primarily affects the stem and leaves of the plant, causing tissue decay and necrosis. To manage blackleg, rotate crops, use pathogen-free seeds, and remove plant debris regularly.
Clubroot - caused by the soil-borne fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae, clubroot can cause abnormal root growth in C. hispanica, leading to stunted development and yield loss. Minimize the risk of clubroot by practicing crop rotation, using certified seed, and avoiding fields with a history of clubroot infestation.
Sclerotinia stem rot - caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, this disease causes water-soaked lesions that can lead to wilting, stem breakage, and yield loss. To manage Sclerotinia stem rot, use varieties resistant to the disease and practice crop rotation to reduce the buildup of the fungus in the soil.
Pests
Aphids - these small, sap-sucking insects can infest the leaves of C. hispanica and cause stunted growth and deformities. Manage aphids by introducing natural predators like ladybugs, using insecticidal soap or neem oil, or spraying with water to dislodge them from the plant.
Cabbage looper - the larva of the cabbage looper moth, this pest can damage the leaves of C. hispanica by feeding on them in a "looping" motion. To manage cabbage loopers, use insecticidal soap or Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) spray, or introduce natural predators like parasitic wasps or birds.
Wireworms - the larvae of click beetles, wireworms can bore into the roots and stems of C. hispanica, causing damage and yield loss. To manage wireworms, use protective insecticides during planting or introduce natural predators like ground beetles.
Overall, preventing diseases and pests in C. hispanica involves a combination of techniques, including crop rotation, use of certified seeds, introduction of natural predators, and regular monitoring and removal of infested plants. By following these management strategies, growers can improve the health and yield of their C. hispanica crops.
