Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl., commonly known as African myrrh, is a small deciduous tree in the family Burseraceae, native to northeastern and eastern Africa. The plant is widespread in rocky areas, bushland, and miombo woodlands in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, and Tanzania.
Common Names
Aside from being called African myrrh, Commiphora scheffleri Engl. is known by many other names, including:
- Bursera scheffleri (Engl.) Engl.
- Commiphora marlothii Engl.
- Kalizira
- Mchikae
- Mkikae
Appearance
Commiphora scheffleri Engl. is a relatively small tree that grows up to 3 meters in height. Its branches are grayish-brown, with peeling bark that creates a rough texture. The leaves are pinnate and have 7 to 11 leaflets. The tree's stem and inner bark exude a milky-white resin that has a scent reminiscent of lemon. This resin is used for various purposes, including traditional medicine.
Uses
The resin of African myrrh, which is also known as "Hagar" or "Wagar," is used for medicinal purposes. In eastern Africa, the plant's resin is used to treat parasitic skin diseases, and it is used topically to treat ulcers, boils, and other skin problems. Additionally, African myrrh is used in perfumery, as incense, and in traditional African magical and religious ceremonies. The resin can also be chewed as a breath freshener and to promote oral health.
Light Requirements
Commiphora scheffleri requires bright sunlight to grow well. It cannot tolerate complete shade or low-light conditions. However, it is also sensitive to harsh direct sunlight, which can burn the leaves. Therefore, it is best to provide filtered sunlight for this plant.
Temperature Requirements
This plant prefers warm temperatures for ideal growth. It can tolerate high temperatures of up to 35°C but cannot tolerate freezing temperatures or frost. The ideal temperature range for Commiphora scheffleri is between 20°C and 30°C.
Soil Requirements
Commiphora scheffleri requires well-draining, fertile soil for growth. The soil should have a pH range between 6.5 to 7.5. It is also important to ensure that the soil is rich in organic matter to support healthy growth. This plant can tolerate mild drought conditions but does not do well in waterlogged soil.
Watering Requirements
The watering requirements for Commiphora scheffleri will depend on the stage of growth and the environmental conditions. During the growing season, this plant should be watered thoroughly, making sure that the soil is evenly moist. However, it is essential to avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot. In winter, the watering should be reduced to prevent excessive moisture in the soil.
Fertilizer Requirements
This plant requires regular fertilization during the growing season to support healthy growth. A balanced, water-soluble fertilizer applied every two weeks is usually sufficient. It is important not to over-fertilize, as this can cause chemical burns on the leaves.
Cultivation Methods for Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl., also known as African elemi, is a drought-tolerant plant that prefers dry soil and bright sunlight. It is native to East Africa and can be grown in zones 9 to 11. The plant requires well-draining soil to prevent root rot, and it is best propagated by seeds or cuttings.
Watering Needs of Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl. needs infrequent watering, as it is adapted to dry conditions. It is best to wait until the soil is completely dry before watering. During the growing season, water the plant once a week, and reduce the frequency during the dormant period. Avoid overwatering, as this can cause root rot and kill the plant.
Fertilization of Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl. does not require frequent fertilization. In fact, too much fertilizer can cause the plant to grow too quickly, making it less drought-tolerant. Apply a slow-release fertilizer once in the spring and once in the fall, and use a fertilizer designed for drought-tolerant plants.
Pruning of Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl. does not require extensive pruning, but it can be pruned to maintain its shape and prevent it from becoming too leggy. Prune the plant during the dormant season, and use sharp pruning shears to make clean cuts. Remove any dead or damaged branches, and cut back any branches that are growing out of bounds.
Propagation of Commiphora Scheffleri
Propagation of Commiphora scheffleri can be achieved through seeds or vegetative means.
Seeds
The seeds of Commiphora scheffleri can be obtained from the dried fruits of the plant. The seeds should be cleaned and soaked in water overnight before sowing. The best time for sowing is during the rainy season when the soil is moist. The seeds should be planted in well-drained soil and covered with a thin layer of sand or soil. Germination can occur within two weeks to six months, depending on the quality of the seeds.
Vegetative Propagation
Commiphora scheffleri can also be propagated vegetatively through cuttings or layering.
Cuttings
Hardwood cuttings taken from mother plants can be used for vegetative propagation. The cuttings should be taken in the rainy season when the plant is actively growing. The cuttings should be dipped in rooting hormone and planted in well-drained soil in a shaded area. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Roots can form within three to four months, after which the cuttings can be transplanted to their permanent location.
Layering
Layering involves bending a low-hanging branch of the mother plant to the ground and covering it with soil. The branch should be wounded at the point of contact with the soil to encourage rooting. The soil should be kept moist and the branch should be monitored for new growth. After rooting has occurred, the branch can be detached from the mother plant and transplanted to its permanent location.
Disease and Pest Management for Commiphora scheffleri Engl.
Commiphora scheffleri Engl., commonly known as African Myrrh, is a slow-growing succulent plant that can reach a height of up to 6 meters. It is native to Africa and is widely cultivated for its medicinal properties. The plant is susceptible to various diseases and pests, which can affect its growth and yield. Effective disease and pest management practices are essential to ensure the healthy growth of the plant.
Common Diseases
One of the most common diseases that affect the African Myrrh plant is leaf spot. This disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora. The symptoms of leaf spot include circular, dark brown spots on the leaves, which may eventually lead to defoliation. To manage this disease, it is essential to maintain good sanitation practices, such as cleaning up fallen leaves and removing infected foliage. Fungicides such as copper-based fungicides can also be used to manage the disease.
Another common disease that affects the African Myrrh plant is powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Oidium. The symptoms of this disease include a white, powdery coating on the leaves, which can lead to stunted growth and reduced yield. The disease can be managed by maintaining good air circulation around the plant, avoiding overhead irrigation, and using fungicides such as sulfur or potassium bicarbonate.
Common Pests
The African Myrrh plant is susceptible to attacks by several pests, including mealybugs, scale insects, and spider mites. Mealybugs and scale insects feed on sap, causing yellowing and wilting of the leaves. They can be controlled by using insecticidal soaps or neem oil. Spider mites are smaller pests that feed on the underside of the leaves, causing a speckled appearance. They can be managed by spraying the plant with water or using insecticidal soap.
In addition to these pests, the African Myrrh plant can be attacked by caterpillars, which feed on the leaves and stems. Handpicking the caterpillars or using biological control agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis can help manage the pest.
Conclusion
Disease and pest management practices are essential to maintain the health and productivity of Commiphora scheffleri Engl. Maintaining good sanitation practices, using fungicides and insecticides, and practicing biological control can help manage diseases and pests effectively. By following these management practices, growers can ensure good yield and quality of the African Myrrh plant.
