Origin
Cleome aphylla Thunb. is a flowering plant that belongs to the Cleomaceae family. The plant is native to Southern Africa, especially in countries such as South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana.
Common Names
Cleome aphylla Thunb. is commonly known by different names in various regions. Some of the common names include African spider flower, parachute plant, and naked spider flower. In South Africa, the plant is called "Kaapse seeroogblom" in Afrikaans, which means Cape dry-eye flower.
Uses
The African spider flower has several uses, including medicinal and ornamental purposes. In traditional medicine, the plant's leaves and seeds are used to treat various ailments such as toothache, earache, and colic. The seeds are also used as an emetic and purgative.
From an ornamental point of view, the African spider flower is grown for its beautiful flowers. It is a popular choice for garden borders, and its flowers are also used in floral arrangements. Additionally, the plant is used in landscaping, and its seeds are used as birdfeed.
General Appearance
Cleome aphylla Thunb. is an annual plant that can grow up to 60 cm tall. It has a branching stem and leaves that are composed of three to five leaflets. The flowers are produced in clusters at the top of the stem and have a distinctive shape that resembles a spider. The flowers have long stamens and can be pink, purple, or white in color.
The plant has an upright growth habit, and its stems are covered with spines. The seeds are produced in elongated capsules and are dispersed by wind or when the capsules dry up and split open. The African spider flower prefers well-drained soils and full sun exposure.
Light Requirements
Cleome aphylla Thunb. typically grows in full sun to partial shade conditions. For efficient growth and development, it is recommended to grow the plant in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day. The plant will also tolerate partial shade conditions, but the flowering might be slightly reduced.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for the growth of Cleome aphylla Thunb. is between 18°C to 25°C. However, the plant is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 40°C and down to 5°C. If the temperature is too high, it might impact the flowering and lead to reduced yields. Similarly, if the temperature is too low, it might decrease the rate of growth and delay the flowering period.
Soil Requirements
Cleome aphylla Thunb. prefers well-draining, loamy soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. However, the plant is adaptable to various soil types, including sandy or clay soils as long as they are well-draining. Before planting, it is recommended to mix the soil with organic matter such as compost to increase the soil's fertility and water-holding capacity.
Cultivation Methods
Cleome aphylla Thunb. is a warm-season annual plant that prefers tropical and subtropical climates. It can be propagated via seed, which should be sown directly into the soil after the last frost. The soil should be well-draining and fertile, preferably with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. The plant requires full sun exposure and prefers warm temperatures of around 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
Watering Needs
Cleome aphylla Thunb. requires regular watering to grow and thrive, especially during the hot and dry summer months. However, too much water can cause root rot, so it's important to strike a balance. The best way to water the plant is to use the "soak and dry" method, which involves saturating the soil and allowing it to dry out slightly before the next watering. Additionally, overhead watering should be avoided as it can lead to the development of fungal diseases.
Fertilization
Cleome aphylla Thunb. can benefit from regular fertilization to promote healthy growth and blooming. A balanced, slow-release fertilizer with equal proportions of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium can be applied every 4 to 6 weeks during the growing season. However, excessive fertilization can cause leggy growth and reduce flowering.
Pruning
Cleome aphylla Thunb. generally does not require pruning, as it has a bushy growth habit and doesn't grow too tall. However, if the plant becomes too leggy, pruning can help promote branching and fuller growth. The best time to prune is in late spring or early summer, before the plant begins to flower. It's important to sterilize pruning tools before use to prevent the spread of diseases.
Propagation of Cleome aphylla Thunb.
Cleome aphylla Thunb. can be propagated through seeds, cuttings, and division.
Seed Propagation
Seeds of Cleome aphylla Thunb. can be sown directly into the garden or started indoors 4-6 weeks before the last frost. To plant seeds, prepare the soil surface by raking to a fine tilth, and then sprinkle seeds thinly over the soil. Cover the seeds lightly with soil and keep the soil moist.
The seeds should germinate in 7-14 days, depending on the temperature and moisture levels. Once the seedlings reach a height of about 5-6 inches, transplant them to their final location, spacing them 12-18 inches apart.
Cutting Propagation
Cleome aphylla Thunb. can be propagated by taking cuttings in the spring or early summer. Take a 3-4 inch cutting from the tip of a stem, remove the lower leaves, and dip the cut end in rooting hormone powder. Plant the cutting in a pot filled with a well-draining potting mix and maintain a high level of humidity around the cutting by covering it with a plastic bag. When roots have developed, usually in 3-4 weeks, transplant the cutting to a larger pot or directly into the garden.
Division Propagation
Cleome aphylla Thunb. can also be propagated by dividing the root ball in the spring or fall. Dig up the plant and gently separate the roots into sections. Replant the sections immediately into well-drained soil, and water them regularly until they are established.
Disease and Pest Management of Cleome aphylla Thunb.
Cleome aphylla Thunb. is a hardy annual plant that is susceptible to various pests and diseases. Proper disease and pest management strategies can help prevent damage to the plant.
Common Diseases
The most common diseases that affect Cleome aphylla Thunb. include:
- Fusarium wilt
- Leaf spot
- Powdery mildew
- Root rot
Fusarium wilt:
Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease that causes the plant to wilt and eventually die. The best way to manage this disease is to use disease-resistant cultivars, maintain proper soil moisture, and avoid planting in poorly-drained soil. Fungicides may also be used in severe cases.
Leaf spot:
Leaf spot is a bacterial leaf disease that causes yellow or brown spots on the leaves of the plant. To manage this disease, remove infected leaves as soon as possible and maintain proper air circulation to prevent the disease from spreading. Fungicides may also be used in severe cases.
Powdery mildew:
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that causes a gray or white powdery coating on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant. The best way to manage this disease is to maintain proper air circulation and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides may also be used in severe cases, but it is best to prevent the disease from occurring by planting disease-resistant cultivars.
Root rot:
Root rot is a soil-borne disease that causes the roots of the plant to decay. The best way to manage this disease is to plant in well-drained soil and avoid overwatering. Additionally, the use of fungicides and soil drenches may be helpful in severe cases.
Common Pests
The most common pests that affect Cleome aphylla Thunb. include:
- Aphids
- Spider mites
- Whiteflies
Aphids:
Aphids are small insects that suck sap from the plant, causing the leaves to curl and distort. To manage aphids, use insecticidal soap or neem oil, spray the plant with water regularly to dislodge them, and introduce natural predators such as ladybugs.
Spider mites:
Spider mites are tiny insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing leaves to look yellow and stippled. The best way to manage spider mites is to use a miticide or insecticidal soap and ensure adequate humidity levels to prevent the pests from multiplying.
Whiteflies:
Whiteflies are tiny insects that feed on the sap of the plant and cause leaf yellowing and stunted growth. To manage whiteflies, use insecticidal soap or neem oil and introduce natural predators such as ladybugs and lacewings. Additionally, using reflective mulches or insect traps can help prevent infestations.
By following proper disease and pest management strategies, you can help ensure the health and longevity of your Cleome aphylla Thunb. plant.
