Overview
Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause, also known as tessmann's gold apple or African star apple, is a tropical evergreen tree that is commonly found in the rainforests of West and Central Africa. The tree belongs to the Sapotaceae family, which includes other economically important species such as the mamey sapote and gutta-percha.Appearance
The Chrysophyllum tessmannii tree can grow up to 40 meters tall and has a dense, spreading canopy with glossy leaves that are 5-20 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The tree produces small, fragrant flowers that develop into round or oblong fruit that is typically 3-5 cm in diameter. The fruit has a green skin that turns yellow when ripe and contains a white, juicy pulp with a sweet flavor.Uses
The fruit of Chrysophyllum tessmannii is a popular food item in many African communities, where it is often used to make juice or eaten raw. The fruit is rich in vitamin C, vitamin A, and antioxidants, making it a nutritious and healthy snack. The leaves of the tree are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments including diarrhea, stomach pains, and rheumatism. The wood of the tree is dense and durable, making it useful for construction and furniture making. In conclusion, Chrysophyllum tessmannii is an important tree species in West and Central Africa, providing both food and medicinal benefits to local communities. Its distinct appearance and sweet-tasting fruit make it a valuable addition to any tropical garden.Light Requirements
Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause requires medium to bright indirect light to grow well. It should be placed in a spot where it can receive at least six hours of sunlight, preferably in the morning or late afternoon.
Temperature Requirements
This plant grows well in warm temperatures ranging from 70-85°F (21-29°C) during the day and 60-70°F (16-21°C) at night. Temperatures below 60°F (16°C) can cause its leaves to drop.
Soil Requirements
Chrysophyllum tessmannii prefers well-draining and aerated soil that is rich in organic matter. A mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand works well as a potting mix. The soil pH should be slightly acidic, between 5.5 to 6.5.
Cultivation methods
Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause is a tropical plant mostly found in western and central Africa. It grows well in warm and humid climates, typically between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. The plant prefers well-draining, loamy or sandy soil with a pH ranging between 6.0 to 7.5. It can grow well both in full sun and partial shade.
The plant's seed germination process can take between two to four weeks. It is important to choose mature and healthy seeds for better germination rates. Planting should be done at least one inch deep in the soil, with a spacing of three to four feet between each seed. Germinated plants can be transplanted into bigger containers or directly into the garden, ensuring enough root space and watering accordingly.
Watering needs
Chrysophyllum tessmannii requires regular watering to ensure proper growth and a healthy plant. Avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot and stunted growth. It is recommended to water the plant every two to three days, ensuring the soil is within the moisture requirements of the plant. It is necessary to keep the soil slightly moist, but not waterlogged.
Fertilization
The plant can benefit from regular fertilization to encourage robust growth and fruiting. On average, fertilization should be done every four to six weeks, incorporating balanced fertilizers with an NPK ratio of 10-10-10. The fertilizer should be applied evenly on the soil surrounding the drip line of the plant, and it is important to water thoroughly after application to ensure proper absorption into the soil.
Pruning
Pruning is an essential aspect of Chrysophyllum tessmannii cultivation for shaping and controlling the size of the plant. Pruning should be done during the early stages of the plant's growth to encourage proper branching, removing dead or diseased branches, and to encourage more fruiting. New growth should be encouraged by removing apical buds, and branches should be pruned close to the collar while keeping the main stem intact. It is important to use sanitized and sharp pruning tools to avoid damage to the plant while pruning.
Propagation of Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause
Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause can be propagated through various methods, including seed propagation, vegetative propagation, and grafting. Each method has its advantages and challenges.
Seed propagation
For seed propagation, ripe fruits should be collected from the tree during the fruiting period. The seeds should be separated from the pulp, washed, and dried under the sun to reduce the seed coat's moisture content. Pre-treatment of the seed coat might enhance germination rates. The seeds should be sown in well-drained soil or pit and covered with a thin layer of soil. The seedlings will emerge after two to four weeks and should be kept in a nursery for six to eight months before planting in a permanent site.
Vegetative propagation
Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause can also be propagated vegetatively through stem cuttings, root cuttings, or air layering. Stem cuttings should be taken from young, vigorous and healthy trees. Root cuttings should be collected from the tree's lateral roots and planted directly in the well-drained soil. Air-layering can produce quicker root growth than stem cutting. Small incisions should be made on the tree's stem and covered with fresh wet moss or coir dust to stimulate root growth. The new roots can be planted in a pot or directly in the field.
Grafting
Grafting is another propagation method for Chrysophyllum tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause trees. It allows the propagation of superior genetic materials onto a rootstock that is resistant to pests and diseases or adaptable to unfavorable soil conditions. The scion to be grafted should be chosen from superior accessions, and the rootstock should be chosen from compatible species, preferably closely related plants in the same genus. The graft union should be protected from the sun and soil moisture until the scion establishes.
Disease and Pest Management for Chrysophyllum Tessmannii
Chrysophyllum Tessmannii, also known as African star apple, is a fruit tree that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It is indigenous to Africa and is generally easy to cultivate. However, like all plants, Chrysophyllum Tessmannii can fall prey to diseases and pests, which can harm its growth and productivity. Here is an overview of the common diseases and pests that might affect Chrysophyllum Tessmannii and ways to manage them.
Common Diseases
1. Anthracnose: Anthracnose is a fungal disease that can cause leaf spots and blight, particularly in the wet season. The fungi typically enter the plant through wounds on the leaves or end of branches. To prevent anthracnose, remove infected leaves and branches and avoid overhead watering. Fungal sprays can also be applied to prevent the spread of the disease.
2. Powdery Mildew: Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease that can affect various parts of the plant, causing white powdery spots on the leaves, stems, and fruits. The disease mostly thrives in warm and humid environments. To manage powdery mildew, remove infected parts of the plant, improve air circulation, and apply fungicides.
Common Pests
1. Fruit Fly: The fruit fly is one of the most destructive pests that can affect Chrysophyllum Tessmannii. It usually attacks the ripe fruits, causing them to rot and drop prematurely. To ward off fruit flies, pick ripe fruits promptly, dispose of infected fruits, and apply fruit fly bait or spray insecticides.
2. Mealybugs: Mealybugs are tiny white insects that usually congregate on the underside of leaves and the bases of young shoots and fruits. These pests can stunt growth and secret honeydew, which attracts ants. To manage mealybugs, remove infected parts of the plant, use high-pressure water sprays, and use insecticides sparingly.
With proper care and attention to disease and pest management, Chrysophyllum Tessmannii can thrive and produce sweet and delicious fruits. Regularly inspect your plants, remove infected parts promptly, and apply preventive measures.
