Overview
Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Dougl. ex Hook.) Hjelmqvist var. chrysophylla is a species of evergreen tree that belongs to the Fagaceae family. Commonly known as the golden chinquapin or 'golden oak', this tree is native to the western regions of North America and can be found from California to British Columbia.
Appearance
The golden chinquapin is a medium-sized tree that can grow up to 100 feet tall. Its trunk is usually straight and can reach up to 4 feet in diameter. The tree has a dense crown made up of dark-green, waxy leaves that are sharply toothed and can grow up to 4 inches in length. The tree produces small clusters of yellowish-green flowers that bloom in the spring, with each flower consisting of both male and female parts.
Uses
The golden chinquapin has several practical and commercial uses. Historically, the Native American tribes in California utilized the golden chinquapin as a food source, roasting and eating the nuts, which have a sweet and nutty flavor. The tree's wood is strong and durable and has been used for various construction purposes, such as making furniture, cabinets, and flooring. The tree's dense foliage also makes it an excellent choice for ornamental landscaping purposes.
In modern times, the golden chinquapin's bark has been found to have medicinal properties. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as coughs, colds, and diarrhea. The tree's bark contains tannins, which are believed to provide antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Additionally, the golden chinquapin is an important species for wildlife, providing shelter and food to various animals such as squirrels, deer, and black bears. It also serves as an important host to various insect species, including butterflies and moths.
Light Requirements
Chrysolepis chrysophylla requires full sun to grow well. It can tolerate partial shade, but the growth rate and overall health may be affected. The plant tends to grow taller in areas with more sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
Chrysolepis chrysophylla is adapted to a wide range of temperatures. The plant grows well in both warm and cool climates. However, it is intolerant to extreme temperatures and will not survive in areas with extremely high or low temperatures.
Soil Requirements
The plant requires well-drained soil to thrive. It can tolerate a wide range of soil types, including rocky soils, sandy soils, and loamy soils. However, the ideal soil type for Chrysolepis chrysophylla is rich, loamy soil with a pH between 5.0 and 7.5. The plant also benefits from an organic-rich soil that retains moisture.
Cultivation
Chrysolepis chrysophylla is a slow-growing evergreen tree that is native to the western part of North America. It can be grown in a variety of soils, including rocky and clay soils, but prefers well-draining soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The tree prefers full sun to partial shade and is hardy to USDA zones 7 to 9.
Watering
Water the plant regularly, especially during the growing season. Chrysolepis chrysophylla prefers moist soil, but it does not tolerate water-logged soil. Ensure that the soil is well-draining and never allow it to dry out completely. Reduce watering during the dormant season.
Fertilization
Chrysolepis chrysophylla does not require much fertilization since it is a slow-growing tree. Apply a slow-release fertilizer in the spring and again in the fall for healthy growth. Use a balanced fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 10-10-10 or 12-12-12 and follow the package instructions on the amount to apply.
Pruning
Chrysolepis chrysophylla may not require pruning except to remove dead, damaged, or diseased branches. Prune during the dormant season to avoid interfering with the growing season. Use clean, sterile tools and make clean cuts to avoid infecting the tree. Avoid over-pruning, which may affect the overall growth and health of the tree.
Propagation of Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla
Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla, also known as the golden chinquapin or bush chinquapin, can be propagated through several methods:
Seed Propagation
Seeds of Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla are relatively easy to collect and propagate. The seeds are enclosed in a spiny husk that matures in autumn. Collect the seeds before they fall naturally and remove the husk to reveal the nut. Soak the nuts in cool water for 24 hours to hydrate them and to make them easier to crack. After cracking the nuts, remove the kernels and sow them in a well-draining soil mix. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil and keep them moist. Germination can occur within 4 to 12 weeks.
Cuttings Propagation
Cuttings are another option to propagate Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla. Take semi-hardwood cuttings from healthy plants in the summer. Cut a 10-to-12 inch section of stem and remove any leaves from the bottom half. Dip the cut end into rooting hormone and place it in a well-draining potting mix. Water the cutting and place it in a shaded area for several weeks. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Rooting can take up to 6 months, but once the cutting has rooted, gently transplant it into a larger container or directly into the ground.
Layering Propagation
Layering is a simple propagation method that involves bending a low-hanging branch and burying a portion of it into the soil. In the spring, select a healthy branch near the base of the Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla plant. Bury the section of the branch into the soil, leaving the tip exposed. Use a stake to keep the buried portion of the branch in place. In about a year, the buried section will produce roots. Once this happens, cut the newly rooted section from the parent plant and transplant it into a new location.
Disease Management
Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla is highly susceptible to a few fungal diseases that affect its foliage, bark, and roots. Prompt detection and treatment of these diseases are critical for the plant's long-term survival.
Phytophthora root rot
Phytophthora root rot is a fungal pathogen that affects the roots of Chrysolepis chrysophylla. The infection causes the leaves to wilt and turn yellow, while the stem becomes soft and discolored. To manage phytophthora root rot, remove the infected plant, and its roots, and dispose of them. Avoid using the same soil for replanting.
Botryosphaeria canker
Botryosphaeria canker is a fungal disease that causes stem cankers and dieback of shoots. The infected stem appears sunken, and dark streaks are visible on the bark. To manage botryosphaeria canker, prune and dispose of all infected plant parts. Ensure good airflow around the plant for quicker drying and minimize wounding the plant.
Ramorum blight
Ramorum blight is another fungal disease that affects the foliage of Chrysolepis chrysophylla. The infected leaves develop brown spots and eventually fall off. To manage ramorum blight, remove and destroy the infected leaves and dispose of them correctly. Ensure the plant has adequate spacing to promote airflow, which helps in drying out the foliage.
Pest Management
Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla is also susceptible to pest infestations that can damage its growth and overall health. Regular monitoring and early detection of pests are necessary for effective management.
Spider Mites
Spider mites suck the sap from the leaves of the plant, leading to leaf distortion and discoloration. Use insecticidal soaps, oils, or pesticides to help manage spider mites. Ensure the plant has adequate moisture to discourage spider mite infestations.
Caterpillars
Caterpillars feed on the leaves of Chrysolepis chrysophylla, resulting in defoliation and stunted growth. To help manage caterpillars, remove the caterpillars manually and dispose of them. Alternatively, use insecticides labeled for caterpillars.
Scale Insects
Scale insects are visible as tiny bumps on stems and leaves. They suck the sap from the plant, causing stunted growth and leaf drop. Use horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps to manage scale insects. Ensure the plant is receiving sufficient water and fertilizer.
