Introduction: Chenopodium suberifolium Murray
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray, also known as “totaquilla de plata” or “ajo de monte”, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. This plant is native to South America, including Peru, Argentina, and Chile.
General Appearance
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray grows up to 4.5 feet tall and has a rounded shape. The plant has a strong and penetrating odor, which is similar to garlic. Its stems are erect and have a woody base, while the leaves are green, alternate, and oval-shaped with a size of about 2-5 cm in length. The flowers are small, greenish-white, and are clustered in inflorescences in the shape of spikes.
Common Names
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray, has more than one common name that varies among different regions it's grown. One of these names is "totaquilla de plata", which is more commonly used in Argentina and means "silverweed". Another name is "ajo de monte", which literally means "wild garlic" in Spanish and is used mainly in Peru and Chile.
Uses
The plant has a variety of pharmacological uses. The leaves of Chenopodium suberifolium Murray are used as an antiseptic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, as it contains essential oils with these properties. Its roots are used as an astringent for stomach and diarrhea problems. The plant also has a culinary purpose as the leaves and stems can be used as a flavoring agent and seasoning in soups, stews, and other dishes.
However, one should note that there are potential risks related to consuming Chenopodium suberifolium Murray, as it contains oxalates and nitrates. These compounds can be harmful to humans if ingested in large amounts, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, and other symptoms. Therefore, it is best to consume the plant in moderation or under medical supervision.
Growth Conditions of Chenopodium suberifolium Murray
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray is a perennial herb that belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is commonly known as leafy goosefoot or oak-leaved goosefoot. It is native to Europe and Asia but is also found in North America, Africa, and Australia. The plant prefers to grow in full sun to partial shade.
Light Requirements
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray requires full sun to partial shade to grow properly. It grows best in areas with bright and direct sunlight but can also tolerate partially shaded areas. In areas with high temperatures, the plant prefers partial shade to protect it from excessive heat.
Temperature Requirements
The plant grows best in cool to temperate regions. The optimum temperature range for Chenopodium suberifolium Murray is between 20°C - 25°C. The plant can tolerate a wide range of temperatures ranging from -15°C to 35°C. However, exposure to high temperatures for extended periods can lead to decreased growth and lower yield.
Soil Requirements
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray prefers well-drained soils with adequate water retention capacity. The plant prefers slightly alkaline to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.5 - 7.5. The plant can also tolerate slightly acidic soils with a pH range of 6.0 - 6.5. It cannot grow in poorly-drained soils as this may lead to root rot.
The plant prefers soils that are rich in organic matter and nutrients. Therefore, it is recommended to add organic matter such as compost or manure to the soil before planting. The plant can also grow in nutrient-poor soils but is less productive.
Cultivation methods
Chenopodium suberifolium or C. album subsp. suberifolium is a low-maintenance plant that can adapt to various climatic conditions. It grows well in USDA Zones 4-8. The plant is tolerant to drought and can grow on a variety of soil types, including loam, clay, and sandy soil. To cultivate this plant, it is essential to ensure that the soil is well-drained and has a pH range between 6 and 7.5.
Watering needs
Chenopodium suberifolium requires moderate watering. Overwatering may lead to root rot, while under-watering may impact the plant's growth. The watering frequency and amount depend on the climatic conditions and soil type. For example, during hot and dry weather, the plant may need to be watered more frequently.
Fertilization
Fertilizing Chenopodium suberifolium is necessary to improve soil fertility and promote plant growth. It is best to use a balanced fertilizer like 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 at the beginning of the growing season to nourish the soil. The application of fertilizer can be repeated once a month during the growing season.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Chenopodium suberifolium. However, removing any dead or damaged parts of the plant can help promote healthy growth. It is also good to remove any weeds that may compete for nutrients and space with the plant.
Propagation of Chenopodium suberifolium Murray
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray can be propagated by various methods, including:
Seed propagation
Seeds are the primary method of propagation for Chenopodium suberifolium Murray. The seeds of the plant are small and black in color. They can be directly sown in the soil or started indoors. The best time to sow the seeds is during the spring or early summer when the temperature ranges between 18-25°C. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 1-2 cm and spaced around 5-7 cm apart. The germination of seeds usually takes around 7-14 days.
Cuttings propagation
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray can also be propagated through cuttings, but this method is not commonly used. In this method, cuttings of stem or leaf are taken from the mother plant and then planted in soil or water. The cuttings should be at least 7-10 cm long, and they should be planted in well-draining soil. The cuttings should be watered regularly to maintain soil moisture, and it takes around 2-3 weeks for the roots to develop.
Division propagation
Division propagation is another method that can be used to propagate Chenopodium suberifolium Murray. In this method, the mother plant is divided into smaller sections, and each section is then replanted in a new pot or location. The best time to divide the plant is during the early spring or late fall when the plant is not actively growing. The sections that are taken should have a few roots attached to them and should be replanted immediately in moist soil.
Disease Management
Chenopodium suberifolium Murray is a relatively healthy plant species, but it is not immune to diseases. Some common fungal diseases that affect the plant include:
- Leaf spot: This is caused by several fungal pathogens and can result in the death of affected leaves. It could be managed by regular and proper removal of affected leaves.
- Powdery mildew: This disease is characterized by a white powdery substance on the leaves, stem and flowers. Avoid overcrowding plants for proper air circulation is important in powdery mildew management.
- Root rot: Overwatering, poor drainage, and wet soil are the main causes of root rot. Ensure to water the plant properly and use well-drained soil if infected.
To manage fungal diseases, it's important to maintain plant vigor by providing adequate water, nutrients, and sunlight. Practicing crop rotation and ensuring proper disposal of diseased plant parts can also help prevent the spread of diseases.
Pest Management
Several pests might attack Chenopodium suberifolium Murray, but some common pests include:
- Aphids: These are small insects that can cause damage to the foliage, and excrete a sticky substance on the leaves. They can be controlled by using commercial insecticidal soap or neem oil.
- Caterpillars: These are the larval form of moths and butterflies. They can cause significant damage to the plant by chewing up the leaves. To manage them, regularly inspect the plants and manually pick them off when discovered.
- Spider mites: These pests are extremely small and difficult to spot but can cause significant damage to the plant. They can be managed by using a strong spray of water to knock them off the plant or by using insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Integrated pest management practices may also be employed to control pests. Keeping the area around the plant clean and free of debris will reduce hiding and breeding places for pests. Also, encouraging beneficial insects such as ladybugs, parasitic wasps and spiders that prey on pests is an effective way to control pest infestations.
