General Description
Chelidonium majus L., commonly known as Greater celandine, is a perennial herbaceous plant that is native to Europe and Western Asia. It has been naturalized in North America, where it has become an invasive species in some areas. It belongs to the Papaveraceae family and is closely related to opium poppy.
Appearance
The plant can grow up to 80 cm tall and has a bright yellow-orange sap. The leaves are pinnate and have lobed leaflets, while the flowers are star-shaped and with four yellow petals. The fruit is a capsule that contains several small black seeds.
Common Names
Greater celandine has several common names depending on the region, including Tetterwort, Rock poppy, Nipplewort, and Swallowwort. The plant's scientific name, Chelidonium majus, comes from the Greek word "chelidon", which means "swallow". Swallows were believed to use the sap to treat their eyesight.
Uses
Greater celandine has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant. Its sap has been used to treat various ailments, including warts, skin diseases, and respiratory disorders. It has also been used as a natural remedy for liver and gallbladder problems, as it is believed to stimulate bile production. However, it should be noted that the use of Greater celandine as a medicinal plant should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as the plant contains alkaloids that can be toxic if ingested in large amounts.
Additionally, Greater celandine has been used as a natural dye, with the sap producing a yellow-orange color that was once used to color textiles and Easter eggs.
Light Conditions
Chelidonium majus L. or greater celandine plant requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It can grow well in both direct and indirect sunlight.
Temperature Conditions
The plant is quite tolerant of temperature fluctuations and can grow in a wide range of temperatures, including hot and humid summers and mild winters. The optimal temperature for the growth of Chelidonium majus L. ranges between 10 to 30°C.
Soil Requirements
The greater celandine plant prefers well-drained, fertile, and moist soil with a pH level ranging between 6.1 to 7.8. The soil should be rich in organic matter and provide adequate nutrients for proper growth. It can also grow in sandy and loamy soils.
Cultivation methods
Chelidonium majus L., commonly known as Greater Celandine, is a robust perennial plant that thrives well in well-drained soil with moist conditions, preferably in direct sunlight. The plant is quite hardy and can grow in various soil types, from clay loam to sandy soils. However, it's susceptible to frost during winter, so it's essential to protect it during the cold season.
Watering needs
The plant requires moderate watering, ideally once or twice a week. Ensure that the soil is evenly moist but not too soggy, especially during the growing season. During periods of drought, increase the frequency of watering. However, avoid watering the plant during the dormant season, as too much moisture can cause root rot.
Fertilization
The plant requires regular fertilization to promote healthy growth and improve blooming. Apply balanced fertilizer at least twice a year, during the flowering season and mid-summer. Alternatively, you can use organic manure or compost, which also enriches the soil with nutrients.
Pruning
The plant doesn't require much pruning, but it's essential to deadhead the faded flowers to encourage more blooming. Cut down the stems to the ground level during autumn as the plant goes dormant. It also helps to control the spread of the plant as it tends to self-seed vigorously.
Propagation of Chelidonium majus L.
The propagation of Chelidonium majus L. can be accomplished through various methods, including seed sowing, division, and stem cuttings. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but all can lead to successful propagation of the plant.
Seed Sowing
Seed sowing is a simple and economical method of propagating Chelidonium majus L. To begin with, the seeds need to be collected from a mature plant. Once the seeds are collected, sow them in seed trays filled with well-draining soil. Keep the soil moist and provide adequate sunlight. Germination typically occurs within two weeks, and the seedlings can be transplanted into individual pots or directly into the ground once they reach a height of 2-3 inches.
Division
Division is a popular propagation method for Chelidonium majus L. that involves separating mature clumps of the plant into smaller pieces. To begin with, carefully dig up the clump and separate it into smaller sections, ensuring that each section has roots and shoots. Replant each section separately into well-prepared soil and water thoroughly. Keep the soil moist and provide ample sunlight. Division is best done during the fall or early spring.
Stem Cuttings
Stem cuttings are another propagation method for Chelidonium majus L. that involves taking cuttings from the plant and rooting them to create new plants. To begin with, take 3-4 inch stem cuttings from a mature plant. Strip the leaves from the bottom of the cutting, leaving only a few leaves at the top. Dip the end of the cutting in rooting hormone and insert it into well-draining soil or into a vermiculite/perlite mixture. Keep the soil moist and provide adequate sunlight. Rooting typically occurs within 4-6 weeks, and the new plants can be transplanted into their permanent location once they have developed strong roots.
Disease Management
Chelidonium majus L. is susceptible to a number of diseases, including:
- Leaf Spot - This disease causes circular spots to appear on the leaves, which can lead to defoliation. To avoid this disease, it is important to regularly remove any infected plant material and to promote good air circulation by spacing the plants appropriately.
- Root Rot - This disease is caused by a fungus that infects the roots of the plant. To prevent root rot, ensure that the soil drains well and avoid overwatering the plant. If you suspect that your plant is suffering from root rot, remove any infected roots and plant the remaining healthy parts in fresh soil.
- Mildew - Mildew appears as a white powdery substance on the leaves and stems of the plant. To prevent mildew, ensure that the plant has good air circulation and avoid overhead watering. You can also try using a fungicide to treat the disease.
Pest Management
Chelidonium majus L. is prone to attack by a number of pests, including:
- Aphids - These small insects suck the sap from the plant, leading to distorted growth and yellowing leaves. To manage aphids, you can use insecticidal soap or a strong jet of water to dislodge them from the plant.
- Slugs and Snails - These pests feed on the leaves of the plant, leaving large holes and ragged edges. To manage slugs and snails, you can use traps or apply a slug bait. You can also try placing copper tape around the base of the plant to deter them.
- Spider Mites - These tiny pests can cause leaves to turn yellow and become coated in webbing. To manage spider mites, you can use insecticidal soap or a miticide. Ensure that you thoroughly cover both the tops and undersides of the leaves.
