Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk: Overview
Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk is an herbaceous perennial plant that belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is commonly known as Umbrella pennywort, Wild pennywort, or Water pennywort. The herb is native to Southern Africa and is widely distributed in South African provinces, including Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape.
Appearance
The plant grows to a height of 15 to 30 cm and has a creeping and rooting habit. It has slender, cylindrical, and branched stems that form dense mats in wet areas such as marshlands and riverbanks. The leaves of Centella umbellata are simple, ovate to orbicular, and up to 1.5cm wide with long petioles attached below the blade's center. The leaves are bright green, glossy, and have distinct palmate venation patterns that form the shape of an umbrella, hence the common name, Umbrella pennywort. The plant produces small white, pinkish, or light purple flowers arranged in umbels at the stem's base, and they bloom from spring to summer.
Uses
Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk has an extensive range of medicinal uses in traditional African medicine. The herb's leaves and stems contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties. The root extract of the plant has been used to treat diabetes, hypertension, and fever. The herb's aerial parts are used to treat skin infections, wounds, and improve memory and concentration. In South Africa, the plant is used as a traditional remedy for alleviating mental fatigue and enhancing overall cognitive function, particularly in the elderly. The herb is used as a vegetable in some African dishes, and the cooked leaves and stems are believed to provide health benefits such as promoting blood circulation and increasing metabolism.
Growth Conditions of Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk
Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk, commonly known as Indian pennywort or Brahmi, is a low-growing perennial herb with creeping stems. To grow this plant successfully, certain growth conditions need to be met.
Light Requirements
Indian pennywort grows best when it is exposed to partial or filtered sunlight. It can survive in full shade, but it may not grow as well. When grown in direct sunlight, the leaves of the plant may turn yellow and dry out. Therefore, it is recommended to grow the plant in a spot where it gets partial sunlight for at least 4-5 hours a day.
Soil Requirements
The soil for Centella umbellata should be well-draining and rich in organic matter. It is essential that the soil is moist but not waterlogged. A pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 is optimal for the growth of this plant. The addition of compost or peat moss can help improve soil quality.
Temperature Requirements
Indian pennywort prefers a warm, humid climate with a temperature range of 70°F to 95°F. It can also survive in temperatures below 50°F, but it may go dormant during this period and start growing back when warmer weather returns. If grown in colder regions, the plant should be protected from frost and extreme cold conditions.
In conclusion, providing the right light, soil, and temperature conditions are crucial for the growth and survival of Centella umbellata. With proper care, this plant can thrive and make for a beautiful addition to any garden or indoor green space.
Cultivation Methods for Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk
The Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk plant prefers medium to moist soil that is rich in organic matter. It requires a partially shaded location that receives 2-4 hours of sunlight daily. It is recommended to cultivate this plant under greenhouse conditions or indoors when not available in temperate regions.
Watering Needs for Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk
It is crucial to maintain consistent soil moisture levels between watering. Over watering can cause root rot and damage to the plant, while under watering can cause the plant to wilt. Watering should be done once the soil feels dry to the touch, and care should be taken when applying water around the foliage to avoid the formation of mold. Irrigation can be done using a watering can or drip irrigation.
Fertilization for Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk
Regular fertilization is recommended for proper growth and development of the Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk plant. It would be best if you used a balanced fertilizer every two to three weeks for young plants and monthly for established plants. A slow-release fertilizer can also be applied every three months to ensure proper nutrients are available to the plant.
Pruning for Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk
Pruning is not entirely necessary for Centella umbellata M.T.R.Schub. & B.-E.van Wyk. Trimming the plant when it reaches a height of 3-5 inches can help promote bushier growth. Removing yellowing or damaged leaves regularly can help improve the plant's appearance and overall health. Pinching the stem tips can help encourage the plant's branches to grow and produce a fuller appearance.
Propagation of Centella umbellata:
Centella umbellata is a terrestrial plant that belongs to the genus Centella, and it is a member of the Apiaceae family. This plant can be propagated using several methods; some of them are vegetative and some are seed-based.
Propagation through seeds:
The seeds of Centella umbellata should be sown in the early spring months. Before planting, the seeds can be soaked in water for 24 hours to improve their germination rate. The sowing process should be done in a seedbed or in pots. The soil should be rich in organic matter and well-drained. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 5 to 10 mm, and the soil should be kept moist until the germination period is over. The seedlings should be transplanted to their permanent location after they have grown 2-3 true leaves.
Propagation through cuttings:
Centella umbellata can be propagated easily through stem cuttings. The best time to take cuttings is during early spring or late summer. The cuttings should be made from the stem's terminal part, which includes the apical bud, three to four nodes, and three to four leaves. The cuttings should be 7 to 10 cm long. The cuttings should be planted in a sterile, well-drained, and moist soil, and they should be kept under shade for the first few days until the cuttings have rooted.
Propagation through division:
Centella umbellata can be propagated through division. This method is done after the plant has reached maturity. The plant should be carefully uprooted, and the roots should be washed well. The plant can be divided into several parts, and each part should have 3-4 stems, some leaves, and a well-developed root system. The divided parts should be planted in well-prepared soil in a shady location, and they should be watered regularly until they have established.
Disease and Pest Management of Centella umbellata
Centella umbellata is a perennial herb that is widely used for medicinal purposes. However, like any other plant, it is susceptible to diseases and pests, which can compromise its quality and yield. Proper disease and pest management practices can help protect the plant's health and optimize its growth. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect Centella umbellata and how to manage them:
Diseases
Fungal diseases - Centella umbellata can be affected by several fungal diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and powdery mildew. These diseases can cause yellowing, browning, and wilting of the leaves and slow down the plant's growth. To manage fungal diseases, it is essential to maintain good sanitation practices, including removing and disposing of infected plant parts, avoiding over-watering, and ensuring proper air circulation around the plant. Fungicides can also be used to prevent or control the spread of fungal diseases, but it is crucial to choose a product that is labeled for Centella umbellata and follow the instructions carefully.
Bacterial diseases - Centella umbellata can also be affected by bacterial diseases, including leaf spot and blight. These diseases can cause dark spots on leaves, wilting, and stunted growth. To manage bacterial diseases, it is crucial to remove and destroy infected plant parts immediately. Avoid overhead watering, which can spread bacteria from plant to plant, and avoid working with the plants when they are wet. Application of copper-based fungicides can be helpful, but it is better to prevent bacterial diseases by growing healthy plants in well-draining soil.
Pests
Aphids - Aphids are a common pest problem in Centella umbellata. These tiny insects can infest the leaves and suck the sap out of the plant, causing them to become stunted and yellow. To manage aphids, it is essential to monitor the plant frequently and use a strong spray of water to dislodge them. In severe cases, insecticides may be needed, but it is crucial to use a product that is safe for beneficial insects and follow the instructions carefully.
Caterpillars - Caterpillars can also be a problem for Centella umbellata. These pests can eat the leaves and cause defoliation. To manage caterpillars, it is essential to handpick them and remove them immediately. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an effective and safe biological control for caterpillars that can be used if needed.
By following these disease and pest management practices, you can help protect the health and quality of Centella umbellata and optimize its growth for medicinal purposes.
