Description of Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. Plant
Carissa macrocarpa, commonly known as Natal plum or Large Num-Num, is a flowering plant that belongs to the Apocynaceae family. The plant is originally from South Africa's coastal areas and is widely distributed in other parts of the world where it is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Appearance
The Natal plum is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 2m tall. The plant has a bushy growth habit, with glossy, dark green leaves that are ovate or elliptical in shape and have a leathery texture. The plant features fragrant, star-shaped white blooms, which emerge singly and then form clusters of up to 5 flowers. The flowers are followed by oval-shaped fleshy fruits that are about 5cm long and range in color from pale yellow to a deep ruby-red when ripe.
Common Names
The plant is commonly known as Natal plum or Large Num-Num. In South Africa, it is also referred to as 'Amathungulu' in Zulu.
Uses
The Natal plum has several uses. The fruit is edible and can be consumed raw, cooked, or processed into jams and jellies. The fruit is rich in Vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorous and is used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as coughs, colds, and flu. The plant is also used as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes due to its attractive appearance and easy maintenance. The leaves and the bark of Natal plum have insecticidal properties and are used to repel insects. Additionally, the plant is used for land restoration as it helps prevent soil erosion.
Light Requirements
The Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. plant grows best under full sun to partial shade conditions. When grown in full sun, the plant produces more flowers and fruits, but it can tolerate occasional shade, which is useful in areas that experience high temperatures.
Temperature Requirements
The plant is highly adaptable and can withstand a range of temperature conditions. However, the Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. plant thrives best in warm temperature conditions, usually between 60°F and 80°F, and in areas with mild winters. The plant is hardy and can survive temperatures as low as 25°F, but it requires protection from frost and freezing temperatures, which can damage the plant.
Soil Requirements
The Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. plant prefers well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5, which is slightly acidic to neutral. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged, as constant wetness can cause root rot and other adverse effects. The plant also requires soil with a high organic matter content, which improves soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability.
Cultivation Methods
Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC., commonly known as Natal plum, is a hardy evergreen shrub that can thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. It can tolerate drought, heat, and salt spray, making it suitable for coastal gardens. Natal plum requires full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. It grows best in USDA hardiness zones 9-11.
Watering Needs
Natal plum is a drought-tolerant plant and does not require frequent watering. However, young plants need regular watering until they establish themselves. Mature plants need watering once a week in the absence of rain to promote healthy growth and fruit development.
Fertilization
Natal plum is not a heavy feeder and can grow well without fertilization in good soil. However, fertilizers can stimulate growth and improve flowering and fruiting. Apply a balanced slow-release fertilizer in early spring and mid-summer according to package instructions. Avoid over-fertilizing as it can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowers and fruits.
Pruning
Natal plum is a fast-growing shrub that can benefit from occasional pruning to maintain its shape and size. Prune after fruiting or in late winter or early spring before new growth appears. Remove any dead, diseased, or damaged branches. Thin out excessive growth and remove any crossing or rubbing branches to improve air circulation and light penetration. Prune lightly to avoid stimulating excessive growth.
Propagation of Carissa macrocarpa
Carissa macrocarpa, also known as the Natal plum, is a low-maintenance plant that can be propagated easily by several methods.
Seed propagation
The most common propagation method for Carissa macrocarpa is through seeds. It's important to note that the plant must be grown from ripe seeds for the best results. When the fruit turns red or orange, it's time to collect the seeds. The seeds should be dried for few days under a shade before planting. The seeds should be planted in well-draining soil mix and watered regularly. Germination usually takes around two weeks, and the seedling should be transplanted in individual pots once they have developed few leaves.
Cuttings propagation
Carissa macrocarpa can also be propagated through cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings taken during spring or early summer are ideal for propagation. The cuttings should be around four inches long and should consist of a few leaves at the top. The leaves from the lower part of the cutting should be removed, and the cutting's bottom should be dipped in rooting hormone. The cutting should be planted in well-draining soil mix and kept moist until the roots develop. Care must be taken not to overwater the cutting, as the excess moisture can cause root rot.
Division propagation
Carissa macrocarpa can also be propagated by division, but it's not as common as cuttings or seed propagation. It involves dividing the plant into several parts by carefully separating the branches and leaves. Each individual part should have some roots attached to it. These sections are then transplanted into well-draining soil mix and kept moist until the roots develop.
Regardless of the propagation method used, the newly propagated Carissa macrocarpa should be kept in a warm, humid place with indirect sunlight and should be watered regularly. Once the plant has established, it can be transferred to its permanent location, where it will grow and thrive for many years.
Disease and Pest Management for Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC.
Carissa macrocarpa, also known as Natal plum or large num-num, is a popular plant for landscaping because of its attractive flowers, fruits, and foliage. However, like any other plant, it is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can cause serious damage if not managed properly. Here are some of the common diseases and pests that might affect Carissa macrocarpa and ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Leaf spot: This is a fungal disease that causes yellow or brown spots on the leaves, which can spread and eventually cause leaf drop. To manage this disease, remove the infected leaves, avoid overhead watering, and apply a fungicide if necessary.
2. Anthracnose: Another fungal disease that causes brown or black spots on the leaves and cankers on the stems, which can cause dieback of the plant. To manage this disease, remove the infected parts of the plant and apply a fungicide.
3. Root rot: This is a serious fungal disease that affects the roots, causing them to rot and eventually killing the plant. To manage this disease, avoid overwatering, ensure good drainage, and apply a fungicide if necessary.
Pests
1. Scale insects: These sap-sucking insects attach themselves to the leaves and stems, causing yellowing, stunted growth, and premature leaf drop. To manage this pest, remove the insects with a soft brush or cloth, and apply an insecticide if necessary.
2. Mealybugs: These insects also suck sap from the plant and cause yellowing and stunted growth. They are characterized by a sticky white coating on the leaves and stems. To manage this pest, remove the insects with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, and apply an insecticide if necessary.
3. Spider mites: These tiny pests are not insects but are closely related to spiders. They feed on the plant's sap, causing yellowing, mottling, and eventually defoliation. To manage this pest, apply an insecticide or spray the plant with water to wash off the mites.
It is important to monitor Carissa macrocarpa regularly for signs of diseases and pests and take appropriate action to manage them promptly. Keeping the plant healthy through proper watering, fertilization, and pruning can also help prevent disease and pest infestations.
