Overview
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha is a plant species in the family Apocynaceae. It is commonly known as the Natal plum or large num-num and is native to southern Africa. The plant has been introduced to other parts of the world as an ornamental plant.
Appearance
The Natal plum is a small, spiny shrub that typically grows to between 2 and 5 meters in height. The plant has glossy, dark green leaves that are between 2 and 5 centimeters long. It produces white, fragrant flowers that typically bloom between September and April. The fruit is a red, apple-like berry that is between 2 and 4 centimeters in diameter. The plant's spines are commonly used to deter browsing animals, and its dense foliage provides a good cover.
Uses
Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis has several traditional medicinal uses in southern Africa, including the treatment of diarrhea, stomach ailments, and respiratory infections. The fruit is also edible and is used to make jams and jellies. In addition, the plant is popular as an ornamental plant in gardens, where it can be grown as a hedge or used to provide a dense, evergreen backdrop.
Cultivation
The Natal plum requires full sun and well-drained soil to thrive and is highly tolerant of drought, making it an ideal plant for arid and semi-arid regions. It can be propagated from seed or from cuttings, and the plant will grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. The plant is hardy and can withstand temperatures as low as -6°C, but may require some protection during frosty periods.
Conclusion
Overall, Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis is a versatile, hardy plant with a range of traditional medicinal uses and ornamental applications. Its glossy leaves, fragrant flowers, and edible fruit make it an attractive addition to gardens, while its spiny branches and dense foliage provide a useful deterrent against browsing animals. As such, it remains a popular plant in southern Africa and beyond.
Growth Conditions for Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis
Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis, commonly known as the "Zambesi num-num," is a shrub native to southern Africa. It prefers warm temperatures and partially shaded locations.
Light
Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis grows best in partially shaded areas with filtered sunlight. It can tolerate full sun in cooler climates, but in warmer regions, full sun may cause leaf scorching and hinder growth. Therefore, it is better to provide some shade, especially in the afternoon.
Temperature
The optimal temperature range for Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis is between 18°C to 30°C (64°F to 86°F). It can withstand brief periods of frost, but temperatures below 0°C (32°F) can damage the plant. The plant grows best in warm and humid climates, but it can also tolerate dry conditions and droughts for short periods.
Soil
Well-draining soils are crucial for Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis. The plant can tolerate a range of soil types, but it prefers loamy soils enriched with organic matter. It cannot withstand waterlogged soils, so good drainage is essential. The pH range should be slightly acidic to neutral, between 5.5 to 7.0.
Cultivation Methods
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha, also known as the Natal Plum, is a relatively easy-to-grow plant that requires full sun to partial shade. It is best grown in well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter.
The plant grows naturally in rocky areas and can tolerate some drought. Providing good drainage is important, as the plant can suffer from root rot in waterlogged soil.
The Natal Plum can be propagated from seeds, stem cuttings, or root cuttings. Stem cuttings should be about 4-6 inches long and taken in early spring or fall.
Watering Needs
The Natal Plum is drought tolerant, but it should be watered regularly during the growing season. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to root rot and other diseases.
During the winter months, watering can be reduced. However, the plant should not be allowed to completely dry out.
Fertilization
The Natal Plum is a light feeder, and excessive fertilization can lead to weak growth and poor fruit production. However, a light application of fertilizer in the spring can be beneficial.
A balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 or 12-12-12, can be applied around the base of the plant. Organic fertilizers, such as compost or manure, can also be used.
Pruning
The Natal Plum can be pruned for shape and size. Pruning can also help to increase fruit production and improve the health of the plant.
Dead, diseased, or damaged branches should be pruned out as soon as possible. This will help to prevent the spread of disease and improve the overall appearance of the plant.
Pruning should be done in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. The plant can be pruned to maintain a desired shape and size. The Natal Plum can also be pruned to encourage branching and improve fruit production.
Propagation of Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha is commonly propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layering.
Seeds
Seeds of Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha are collected from mature fruits and sown in a well-draining seed-raising mix. The seeds are then covered lightly with soil and kept moist. They usually take about 2-3 weeks to germinate. After germination, seedlings are transplanted into individual pots and grown under bright light with some shade.
Cuttings
Cutting propagation of Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha involves taking semi-hardwood cuttings from the mother plant during the growing season. The cuttings are about 10cm long and have at least 3 nodes. They are then dipped in rooting hormone and planted in pots containing a well-draining potting mix. The cuttings are placed in a warm, bright, and humid spot until they form roots. After rooting, the cuttings are transplanted into individual pots and grown under bright light with some shade.
Layering
Layering propagation of Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha is done by bending a low branch of the mother plant to the ground and keeping it in contact with the soil. The branch is then partially buried, leaving the tip exposed. The buried portion of the branch will produce roots, while the exposed part will continue growing. After a few months, the layer is separated from the mother plant and transplanted into individual pots.
Disease Management
Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis is generally a hardy plant that is less susceptible to diseases. However, it can still get infected with various diseases if it is not properly cared for.
The most common diseases that affect Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis are fungal diseases. These diseases often manifest as leaf spots, stem rot, and powdery mildew. To prevent these diseases, it is crucial to keep the plant dry. Watering the plant directly on the leaves and stem should be avoided. If the plant gets infected with fungal diseases, it is recommended to remove the infected parts and apply fungicide to the remaining parts of the plant.
Bacterial leaf blight is another disease that can affect Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis. This disease is characterized by the appearance of oily spots on the leaves. The infected parts should be removed, and the plant should be sprayed with a copper-based bactericide.
Pest Management
Despite being a hardy plant, Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis can also get attacked by pests.
The most common pests that affect this plant are scale insects, mealybugs, and spider mites. Scale insects and mealybugs often form clusters on the underside of the leaves, while spider mites cause tiny yellow spots on the leaves.
To manage these pests, it is crucial to inspect the plant regularly and remove any visible pests. For scale insects and mealybugs, the use of insecticidal soap or neem oil is recommended. Spider mites can be managed by spraying the plant with a stream of water or by applying a miticide.
In conclusion, proper care and maintenance can help reduce the risk of disease and pest infestation in Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis. If the plant gets infected, timely interventions such as removing infected parts and applying appropriate treatments can help save the plant.
