Overview
Cardamine impatiens L., commonly known as narrowleaf bittercress or impatient cress, is a delicate annual plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genus Cardamine includes over 200 species of herbaceous plants that are distributed worldwide, but C. impatiens is a native plant to North America, particularly to the eastern coast of the United States and Canada.
Description
The plant has basal leaves that are divided into several leaflets and stem leaves that are alternate and smaller. The flowers are small and white, with four petals and six stamens, and are arranged in clusters at the top of the stems. The fruit is a slender, cylindrical silique, about 1 inch long, that contains several small seeds.
Uses
Cardamine impatiens is not commonly used for medicinal or culinary purposes, but some indigenous groups have used it for medicinal purposes. The Cherokee, for example, used C. impatiens to treat colds, coughs, and fever by making a tea from the plant. Moreover, some gardeners cultivate the plant as a tiny spring green that can add a peppery flavor to salads and sandwiches.
Appearance
Cardamine impatiens is a petite plant that grows up to 10 inches tall. It has slender stems that are light green and grow from a short taproot. The leaves are pinnately compound, about 1 inch long, with 7-15 leaflets that are lance-shaped and finely serrated. The flowers bloom from late spring to early summer, and the fruit ripens in mid to late summer. The plant tends to grow in moist and shady habitats, such as riverbanks, floodplains, and wet woods.
Light Requirements
Cardamine impatiens L. thrives well in shaded areas. It requires filtered or partial sunlight for optimum growth. Exposure to direct sunlight can damage its foliage. A good location for the plant is under the shade of trees or in an area that receives morning sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for the growth and development of Cardamine impatiens L. is between 60-75°F (15-24°C). The plant can tolerate lower temperatures during the winter season. However, frost can damage its leaves and flowers.
Soil Requirements
Cardamine impatiens L. prefers moist, well-draining soil rich in organic matter. It can grow well in loamy or sandy soil types. The pH of the soil should be slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6-7). It is essential to maintain consistent moisture levels in the soil to prevent drying out, especially during hot, dry weather conditions.
Cultivation Methods
Cardamine impatiens L., commonly known as Narrow-leaved Bittercress, is a fast-growing and perennial plant. It thrives well in moist soil and cool climates. The plant requires partial shade and good air circulation to prevent mildew and fungal diseases. It is recommendable to plant Cardamine impatiens in early spring or fall, after the last frost, to ensure healthy growth.
Before planting, loosen the soil and remove any weeds and rocks. The plant needs well-draining soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. Sow the seeds 1/8 inch deep and 1 inch apart, then cover with soil and water gently.
Watering Needs
The key to maintaining healthy Cardamine impatiens is to ensure the soil is always moist but not waterlogged. Water regularly, especially during the hotter months, to prevent drought stress. However, avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot and other related diseases.
Ensure to water from the base/stem of the plant, minimizing wetting the leaves, which can lead to fungal infections. You can use a watering can, drip irrigation system, or sprinkler to water Cardamine impatiens.
Fertilization
Cardamine impatiens has moderate fertilizer needs. It requires regular feeding during the growing season to promote healthy growth and flowering. Apply a balanced liquid fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, every two weeks from spring to summer. Reduce the frequency in the fall to allow the plant to prepare for winter.
Alternatively, you may use organic fertilizers, such as well-composted animal manure. It releases nutrients slowly and improves soil structure and health.
Pruning
Pruning Cardamine impatiens is essential in maintaining its shape and size. The plant has a tendency to spread quickly and can become invasive if not monitored.
Use sharp and clean pruning shears to cut back the plant to the desired size and shape. The best time to prune Cardamine impatiens is after flowering in late summer or early fall.
Remove any old or dead stems and cut back any overgrown branches. This promotes healthy growth the following year and prevents diseases and pests from spreading.
Propagation Methods for Cardamine Impatiens L.
Cardamine impatiens L., also known as Narrow-leaved Bittercress, belongs to the family Brassicaceae. It is a cool-season annual or biennial plant that is native to North America.
Propagation through Seeds
The most common method of propagating Cardamine impatiens is through seeds. The seeds can be sown directly into the ground in the fall or early spring. It is important to plant the seeds in a moist, well-draining soil that receives partial shade. The seeds should be covered with a thin layer of soil, and the area should be watered regularly to keep the soil moist.
Propagation through Cuttings
Propagation of Cardamine impatiens can also be done through stem cuttings. Cuttings should be taken from healthy plants that are free from disease and pests. The cuttings should be taken in the early spring, and each cutting should be 3-4 inches long. The bottom of the cutting should be dipped in rooting hormone, and then planted in a well-draining soil mix. The cuttings should be kept moist, and placed in a shaded area until new growth appears.
Propagation through Division
Cardamine impatiens can be propagated through division in the early spring. The plant should be carefully dug up, and the roots should be divided into sections with a sterile knife or gardening shears. Each division should have several healthy stems and a good root system. The divisions should be replanted immediately in a well-draining soil mix, and watered regularly until new growth appears.
Disease Management
Cardamine impatiens L. is prone to several diseases that affect its growth and productivity. The following are some common diseases that affect this plant:
- Downy Mildew: This is a fungal disease that causes the plant to have yellow leaves, stunted growth, and a greyish mold on the lower leaf surface. To prevent this disease, ensure that the plant is not crowded, avoid overhead watering, and provide good air circulation.
- Black Spot: This fungal disease causes black spots on the leaves, which eventually turn yellow and drop. Remove the infected leaves and provide proper air circulation to manage this disease.
- Anthracnose: This is a fungal disease that causes small, sunken spots on the leaves and stems. Ensure that the plant is not overcrowded and remove the infected parts to prevent this disease from spreading.
Pest Management
There are several pests that attack Cardamine impatiens L. The following are the most common pests that infest this plant:
- Aphids: These small insects suck the sap from the leaves, making them curl and turn yellow. To manage this pest, remove the infected parts and use insecticidal soap.
- Spider Mites: These are tiny arachnids that cause the leaves to have yellow patches. Prevent the infestation of spider mites by misting the plant, keeping it hydrated, and using insecticidal soap.
- Slugs and Snails: These pests eat the leaves and stems of the plant. To manage them, remove them by hand, use slug pellets, or set beer traps.
