Overview
Canarium occidentale A.Chev., also known as the Pili Nut or Philippine nut tree, is a tropical tree species that is commonly grown for its edible nuts. This tree is native to the Philippines and is now widely cultivated in other tropical regions of the world, including Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.
Appearance
The Pili Nut tree can grow up to 20 meters in height and has a broad, spreading crown. Its leaves are dark green, glossy, and a bit leathery in texture, measuring around 20 centimeters in length and 10 centimeters in width. The tree produces small, white flowers that eventually grow into a cluster of round, green fruits that turn brown when mature. Inside these fruits is a large, elongated nut with a smooth, hard, and brown shell.
Uses
The Pili Nut is primarily cultivated for its edible nuts. The nut kernels are high in oil content, containing around 60% oil, and have a rich, buttery flavor. In the Philippines, Pili Nuts are a popular snack and are also used in a variety of local delicacies, such as desserts and pastries. The Pili Nut's edible oil is also used for cooking and as a cosmetic ingredient, as it is said to have moisturizing and anti-aging properties. Furthermore, the Pili Nut tree's bark and leaves are used in traditional medicines to treat various ailments, such as diarrhea, fever, and cough.
Cultivation
The Pili Nut tree is a hardy species that prefers a warm, tropical climate. It can adapt to a wide range of soil types, but it thrives in well-drained and fertile soils. The tree is usually propagated by seed or by grafting. It can start bearing fruits four to five years after planting and can continue to produce nuts for up to 50 years. The Pili Nut is a low-maintenance crop that requires minimal pruning and pest management. However, it is susceptible to root rot if grown in waterlogged soils.
Light Requirements
The Canarium occidentale A.Chev. plant thrives in full sunlight conditions but it can also tolerate partial shade. However, it is imperative to provide a minimum of 6 hours of direct sunlight to the plant daily for it to grow optimally. Insufficient light can lead to stunted growth and reduced productivity in fruit-bearing trees.
Temperature Requirements
The Canarium occidentale A.Chev. plant grows well in warm humid conditions that range from 24-30°C. The plant cannot tolerate frost or cold temperatures below 10°C. High temperatures beyond 35°C can lead to leaf burn and dehydration which in turn may stunt the growth of the plant. In areas with high temperatures, it is crucial to maintain the soil moisture levels to ensure the plant's survival.
Soil Requirements
The Canarium occidentale A.Chev. plant requires well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter and are slightly acidic with a pH between 5.5-6.5. The plant is prone to root rot and poor growth when grown in compacted or waterlogged soils. Therefore, sandy loam soils that allow for free drainage are ideal for planting this species. It is advisable to add organic matter such as compost or manure to the soil before planting, in order to provide sufficient nutrients for growth.
Cultivation Methods
Canarium occidentale A.Chev. is commonly referred to as the 'Pili nut' tree and is native to Southeast Asian countries such as the Philippines. The tree thrives in tropical climates with moderate rainfall. It is possible to cultivate the tree in other regions, but it may require special care and attention. When growing the Pili nut tree, consider selecting a well-draining location with fertile soil. Make sure the area is suitable for the cultivation of the tree, as it grows up to 30 meters in height and can spread up to 20 meters wide.
Watering Needs
Proper watering is critical for the growth and survival of the Pili nut tree. The tree requires consistent and frequent watering, especially during its growing season. During the dry season, water the tree deeply once a week to ensure the roots remain moist. However, avoid overwatering since it may cause damage to the roots and affect the overall growth of the tree.
Fertilization
Applying fertilizer to the tree regularly promotes its growth and development. When fertilizing the Pili nut tree, use a balanced soil mixture that contains both nitrogen and potassium. Nitrogen is necessary for the development of leaves and shoot growth, while potassium promotes the growth of nuts. It is best to apply the fertilizer to the tree during the rainy season when the soil is moist.
Pruning
Pruning is essential for shaping and maintaining the tree's overall health. The best time to prune the Pili nut tree is during its dormant season, which is typically between December and February. When pruning, remove any dead or damaged branches and make a clean cut near the trunk of the tree. Additionally, remove any branches that grow too low to the ground, as they can interfere with the growth and development of the tree. Pruning the Pili nut tree also encourages the growth of new branches, which may lead to an increase in the yield of nuts.
Propagation of Canarium occidentale A.Chev.
Canarium occidentale A.Chev., commonly known as the Pili nut, is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines. It is valued for its edible nut, which is high in protein and nutrients. Propagation of this plant can be done using various methods.
Seed Propagation:
One of the easiest and most common ways of propagating Pili nut is through seeds. The nuts are collected from mature trees and soaked in water for about 24 hours to soften the outer shells. The outer shells are then removed, and the seeds are allowed to dry for a day or two. The seeds are then planted in well-draining soil and kept moist. Germination usually occurs within two weeks, and the seedlings can be transplanted once they have developed a few leaves.
Air-layering:
Air-layering is another way of propagating Pili nut. This method involves making a small cut in the bark of a mature tree, wrapping it with moist sphagnum moss, and then covering it with plastic wrap. Roots will start to grow from the cut area, and once they have developed, the branch can be cut off and planted in a pot or directly in the ground.
Grafting:
Grafting is a more advanced propagation technique that involves joining a piece of the Pili nut tree (scion) onto the rootstock of another tree. This method is best done by those who have some experience in grafting as it requires careful attention and skill.
Overall, Pili nut is a tree that can be propagated using different methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the appropriate method to use depends on the grower's experience, resources, and goals.
Disease and Pest Management for Canarium Occidentale A.Chev.
Canarium occidentale A.Chev., commonly known as the Philippine or Macadamia nut tree, is a popular tropical tree known for its edible nuts. Maintaining the health of this plant is vital to ensure a good harvest, and that requires proper disease and pest management. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and suggest ways to manage them.
Diseases
Phytophthora rot is a common disease affecting Canarium occidentale. It is caused by a soil-borne fungus that thrives in wet soil conditions and can cause root and stem rot. To manage this disease, ensure good drainage and avoid over-watering. Also, avoid planting in previously infected soil. Fungicides such as fosetyl-Al can help to manage the disease.
Anthracnose is another fungal disease affecting the plant. It causes dark spots on the leaves and can lead to defoliation. To manage this disease, prune off affected leaves, ensure proper air circulation and avoid wetting leaves while watering. Fungicides like copper-based sprays can also be used for management.
Pests
The most common pests affecting Canarium occidentale are Conopomorpha cramela and the leaf-footed bug. The former is a major pest of macadamia nuts that feeds on the nuts and damages the kernels, while the latter feeds on the leaves and seeds of the plant, causing yellowing and distortion. To manage these pests, regular monitoring and removal of infested nuts or leaves are crucial. Pheromone traps can also be used to manage the macadamia nut pest. Insecticides such as spinosad can also be used to control both pests.
Effective disease and pest management for Canarium occidentale require regular monitoring and prompt control measures. It is also important to avoid planting in previously infected soils and to maintain good cultural practices such as proper drainage and pruning to help prevent diseases from occurring in the first place.
