Origin
Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense, also known as Madagascar almond, is a tree species that is native to Madagascar. It belongs to the Burseraceae family, which is commonly found in tropical ecosystems. It is a popular tree species, and it grows in the following regions: Mahajanga, Antsiranana, and Toamasina.
Common Names
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense tree is known by various common names, including Madagascar almond, Madagascar canarium nut, Akondro, amongst others, depending on the regions where it grows. The almond-like nut produced by the tree is known as "canarium nut" and is an essential part of Madagascar's culture and cuisine.
Uses
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense tree has a multitude of uses. The tree's resin, which is commonly called "Elemi resin," is extracted to make perfumes, incense, and ointments. The canarium nut is a precious resource and is an integral part of Madagascar's culture and cuisine. The nut has a high oil content and is rich in protein, making it an essential source of food in various dishes such as curries, stews, and desserts. The nuts are also a source of income for many locals who sell them for a living. The tree's wood is also used for construction, boats, and furniture.
General Appearance
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense tree can grow up to 35 meters, making it one of the tallest trees in Madagascar. It has long, slender, and drooping branches, which are covered with glossy, dark green leaves. The tree produces small, white flowers that develop into clusters of oval-shaped fruits, which are approximately 2 to 3 centimeters long. The canarium nut is found inside the fruit's hard shell and has a white, waxy appearance.
Light requirements
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense plant requires bright indirect sunlight or partial shade for optimal growth. Avoid exposing the plant to direct sunlight as it can damage the leaves
Temperature requirements
The plant prefers warm temperatures between 20°C to 28°C. Keep the temperature of the surrounding environment consistent, and protect them from extremely low temperatures.
Soil requirements
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense thrives in well-draining, fertile soil that is rich in organic matter. The soil's pH level should ideally be between 6 to 7.5. A mixture of sandy and loamy soil with good drainage is perfect for this plant. Check that the water can be drained and not standing in the soil. Roots submerged in wet soil can suffocate or rot.
Cultivation Methods
Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense is a tropical plant that requires a warm and humid climate to grow properly. It prefers well-drained soil with high organic matter and a slightly acidic pH level (between 5.5 and 6.5). The plant can tolerate partial shade, but it grows best in full sun exposure.
The plant is usually propagated through seeds, and it takes about 4-5 years to mature and produce fruits. It is essential to provide adequate support to the tree during the early stages of growth to promote a straight trunk and prevent bending.
Watering Needs
Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense requires regular watering, especially during the dry season. The plant should be watered deeply, and the soil should be left to dry out before the next watering. The frequency of watering will depend on the weather conditions, but it is advisable to avoid waterlogging the plant as this can lead to root rot.
Fertilization
The plant requires regular fertilization to promote healthy growth and optimal fruit production. A balanced fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be applied every 2-3 months during the growing season. Organic fertilizers can also be used to improve soil fertility and promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
Pruning
Pruning is essential to maintain the shape of the tree and promote healthy growth. The plant should be pruned during the dormancy period to remove dead or diseased branches and improve air circulation. It is advisable to avoid heavy pruning as this can reduce the fruit yield. Young trees should be pruned to promote a central leader and prevent the formation of multiple trunks.
Propagation of Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense
The Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense plant can be propagated through several methods:
Seed Propagation
The propagation of Canarium madagascariense can be done through seed. The seeds should be collected from mature fruits and sown in a well-draining potting mix. The potting mix should be kept moist but not excessively wet. The seeds will germinate within 2-4 weeks. Once the seedlings develop a few leaves, they can be transplanted to individual pots.
Cuttings Propagation
The propagation of Canarium madagascariense can also be done through cuttings. A stem cutting with several nodes can be taken from a mature plant and dipped in rooting hormone. The cutting should be placed in a potting mix containing perlite, peat moss, and sand. The pot should be covered with a plastic bag to maintain high humidity levels. The rooting process takes around 4-6 weeks. Once the cutting has rooted, it can be transplanted to a larger pot.
Air Layering Propagation
The propagation of Canarium madagascariense can also be done through air layering. This method involves making a small cut on a mature stem and applying rooting hormone. A moss-filled plastic wrap is then wrapped around the stem. The moss should be kept moist until roots form, which can take around 3-4 weeks. Once the roots have formed, the branch can be cut off and planted in a potting mix made up of peat moss, perlite, and sand.
Disease and Pest Management for Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense
Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense is commonly known as the Madagascar almond. Healthy Madagascar almond trees can survive infestations and diseases, but those that are already under stress are more susceptible to pests and infections. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect the plant and suggest ways to manage them:
1. Leaf Spot
Leaf spot is a fungal disease that causes circular lesions on the leaves. It can cause defoliation if left untreated.
To manage leaf spot, prune the plant to improve air circulation and light penetration. Remove infected leaves, use fungicides regularly, and avoid overhead watering.
2. Scale Insects
Scale insects are pests that suck sap from the plant, causing discoloration and stunted growth. They also excrete sticky honeydew, attracting ants and sooty mold.
To manage scale insects, use horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, or neem oil. Remove severe infestations with a toothbrush dipped in alcohol. Avoid over-fertilization and over-watering, which stresses the plant and attracts pests.
3. Mealybugs
Mealybugs are another sucking insect that feeds on sap. They produce white, cottony masses on the plant and can cause leaf yellowing and stunted growth.
To manage mealybugs, prune the plant, improve air circulation and light penetration, and use insecticides like horticultural oil or insecticidal soap. You can also use beneficial insects like parasitic wasps or ladybugs to control mealybug populations.
4. Root Rot
Root rot is a fungal disease that causes the roots to rot and the plant to wilt. It occurs in waterlogged or poorly drained soil.
To manage root rot, improve soil drainage by adding organic matter, avoiding over-watering, and planting the plant in raised beds or containers. Remove affected plants and sterilize pruning tools to avoid spreading the fungus.
5. Nut Fall
Nut fall is a condition that causes the fruit to drop prematurely. It can be caused by environmental stress, nutrient deficiencies, or pests and diseases.
To manage nut fall, maintain consistent soil moisture and avoid over-fertilization. Use balanced fertilizers containing micronutrients like magnesium and zinc. Address any pest or disease issues promptly to prevent stress on the plant.
By following these guidelines, you can help keep your Canarium madagascariense Engl. subsp. madagascariense healthy and productive all year round.
